Refurbishment of Natural Gas Pipelines towards 100% Hydrogen—A Thermodynamic-Based Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pressure Loss Calculation
2.2. Mixture Properties
- Density:
- Lower heating value:
- Specific heat capacity isobaric:
- Specific heat capacity isochoric:
2.3. Scenario Building
- Scenario 1: constant energy flow at different hydrogen contents, with 100% NG as the reference case:
- Scenario 2: constant pressure drop over 100 km at different hydrogen contents, with 100% NG as the reference case;
2.3.1. Scenario 1-Constant Energy Flow
2.3.2. Scenario 2: Constant Pressure Drop Δp
2.4. Compressor Power and Energy Buffer
2.5. Boundary Conditions of the Reference Case
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of the Analytical Approach with CFD Simulation Models
3.2. Energy Transported Ė
3.3. Compressor Power
3.4. Energy Buffer
3.5. Pipeline Transport Efficiency
3.6. Influences on Transport Efficiency
3.6.1. Wall Roughness k
3.6.2. Operating Pressure MOP
3.6.3. Pipeline Diameter
3.6.4. Distance between Compressor Stations for Hydrogen Pipeline Transport
3.7. H2 transport Efficiencies of Different Distribution Technologies
- Pipeline transport is the most energy-efficient method of transporting H2 on land in large quantities and over long distances.
- GH2 efficiency increases significantly with the pressure level. The losses for the initial compression are marginal compared to the transport losses.
- LH2 liquefaction efforts are amortized after approx. 2200 km of trailer transport.
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | H2 | CH4 |
---|---|---|
Molar mass [kg/kmol] | 2.016 | 16.04 |
Gravimetric energy density [MJ/kg]/[kWh/kg] | 119.93/33.314 | 55.598/15.444 |
Upper volumetric heating value [MJ/Nm3]/[kWh/Nm3] | 12.744/3.540 | 39.830/11.064 |
Lower volumetric heating value [MJ/Nm3]/[kWh/Nm3] | 10.782/2.995 | 35.896/9.971 |
Density [kg/Nm³] | 0.0898 | 0.7175 |
Specific gravity [-] | 0.0696 | 0.5537 |
Density at 70 bar, 10 °C [kg/m3] | 5.7459 | 55.353 |
Upper Wobbe index [MJ/Nm3 | 48.34 | 53.45 |
Lower Wobbe index [MJ/Nm3] | 40.90 | 48.17 |
Specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg·K)] | 14.198 | 2.1810 |
Kinematic viscosity [cm2/s] | 0.9342 | 0.1429 |
Specifications and Assumptions | |
---|---|
Line type | Gas transport line |
Natural gas composition | 100% CH4 |
Transported energy amount | 14,856,000 kWh/h |
Inner diameter | DN 1000 |
Maximum operating pressure | MOP 70 |
Material | L450MB |
Line length | 100 km |
Average gas temperature | 283 K |
Initial pressure | 70 bar |
Average gas flow velocity at 100% NG | 8 m/s |
Average wall roughness k | 0.1 mm |
Model Settings | |
---|---|
Energy equation | on |
Turbulence model | Realizable- k-ε |
Wall model | Enhanced wall treatment |
Real gas model | Redlich-Kwong |
Species transport | CH4 and H2 |
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Gas composition | 100% CH4 | 50% CH4 50% H2 | 100% H2 |
Temperature [K] | 283 | ||
Inlet pressure [bar] | 70 | ||
Outlet massflow [kg/s] | 297.12 | 256.88 | 123.80 |
Wall flux [W/m2] | 0 | ||
Wall roughness [mm] | 0.1 |
Δp Fluent [Pa] | Δp Matlab [Pa] | Relative Error [%] | |
---|---|---|---|
Case 1: 100% CH4 | 7849 | 7800 | 0.6243 |
Case 2: 50% CH4 50% H2 | 11008 | 10500 | 4.6148 |
Case 3: 100% H2 | 13194 | 13100 | 0.7124 |
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Klopčič, N.; Stöhr, T.; Grimmer, I.; Sartory, M.; Trattner, A. Refurbishment of Natural Gas Pipelines towards 100% Hydrogen—A Thermodynamic-Based Analysis. Energies 2022, 15, 9370. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249370
Klopčič N, Stöhr T, Grimmer I, Sartory M, Trattner A. Refurbishment of Natural Gas Pipelines towards 100% Hydrogen—A Thermodynamic-Based Analysis. Energies. 2022; 15(24):9370. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249370
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlopčič, Nejc, Thomas Stöhr, Ilena Grimmer, Markus Sartory, and Alexander Trattner. 2022. "Refurbishment of Natural Gas Pipelines towards 100% Hydrogen—A Thermodynamic-Based Analysis" Energies 15, no. 24: 9370. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249370