Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Base Polymer | Laboratory Clinical Plastics (Labware Plastics) | References |
---|---|---|
Polystyrene | microplates, bioreactor flask, serological pipettes, closed system spinner flask | [19,20,21,22] |
Polypropylene | cluster tubes, screw caps, cell culture flasks, cryotubes, falcon tubes | [23,24,25,26,27] |
High-density polyethylene | carboys, bottles, pans, pipet cleaning sets | [28,29,30,31] |
Low-density polyethylene | carboys, bottles, wash bottles, dropper bottles with control dispensing tip | [32,33,34] |
Polyvinyl chloride | membrane filters, high-pressure tubes | [35,36] |
Polycarbonate | straight-sided wide-mouth jars with closure, square bottles, baffled culture flasks | [37,38,39] |
Perfluoroalkoxy alkane | bottles, beakers, cylinders, tubing | [40,41,42,43] |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | evaporating dish, the crucible, tweezers, shaft stirrer, bottle pourer, tissue grinder | [44,45,46] |
Polyvinylidene fluoride | syringe filters | [47] |
Styrene-acrylonitrile | protective sheets | [48] |
Fluorine-ethylene-propylene | bottles, centrifuge tubes, funnels, wash bottles | [49,50,51,52] |
Polyester | adhesive films | [53] |
Base Polymer | Healthcare Clinical Plastics |
---|---|
Polystyrene | gloves, labware, medical packaging and other plastics, e.g., blood collection tubes |
Polypropylene | IV bag, sharps, gloves, labware, nursery items |
High-density polyethylene | IV bag, tubing |
Polyethylene | sharps, medical packaging, nursery items |
Polyvinyl chloride | IV bag, blood bag, tubing, gloves, labware, medical packaging, patient kits, and other plastics, e.g., blood collection tubes |
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer | IV bag |
Items | Calculation Method |
---|---|
Direct capital cost: delivered cost of equipment, installation, instrumentation and control, piping, electrical systems, building (including services), yard improvements, and service facilities | 3.02 times the delivered cost of equipment from vendors |
Indirect capital cost: engineering and supervision, construction expenses, legal expenses, contractor fees, and contingency | 1.26 times the delivered cost of equipment from vendors |
Working capital | 0.75 times the delivered cost of equipment from vendors |
Total capital investment | Direct, indirect, and working capital = 5.03 times the delivered cost of equipment |
Variable operating cost | Feedstock, reagent, and utility costs |
Fixed operating costs dependent on annual indirect operating cost: maintenance, capital charges, insurance, local taxes, and royalties | 0.25 times the annual indirect capital cost |
Fixed operating costs dependent on labor cost: personnel, laboratory, supervision, and plant overhead costs | 1.9 times the labor cost |
Miscellaneous operating costs: sales expenses, general overheads, and research and development | 0.2 times the total of variable and fixed operating costs |
Total operating cost (Opex on an annual basis) | Variable, fixed, and miscellaneous operating costs |
Items | Cost | Unit |
---|---|---|
Direct capital cost: delivered cost of equipment, installation, instrumentation and control, piping, electrical systems, building (including services), yard improvements and service facilities | 403,774 | USD |
Indirect capital cost: engineering and supervision, construction expenses, legal expenses, contractor fees and contingency | 168,462 | USD |
Working capital | 100,275 | USD |
Total capital investment | 672,511 | USD |
Variable operating cost | 889,600 | USD/y |
Fixed operating costs dependent on annual indirect operating cost: maintenance, capital charges, insurance, local taxes and royalties | 5475 | USD/y |
Fixed operating costs dependent on labor cost: personnel, laboratory, supervision, and plant overhead costs | 475,000 | USD/y |
Miscellaneous operating costs: sales expenses, general overheads and research and development | 274,015 | USD/y |
Total operating cost (Opex on an annual basis) | 1,644,090 | USD/y |
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Sadhukhan, J.; Sekar, K. Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics. Energies 2022, 15, 8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238974
Sadhukhan J, Sekar K. Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics. Energies. 2022; 15(23):8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238974
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadhukhan, Jhuma, and Kartik Sekar. 2022. "Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics" Energies 15, no. 23: 8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238974