Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wireless Charging
2.1. Wireless Charging Technologies
2.2. Benefits and Business Opportunities
2.3. Technological Developments
2.3.1. Plugless Power
2.3.2. WiTricity
2.3.3. Qualcomm Halo™
2.3.4. Zonecharge
2.3.5. APAS and HKPC
2.4. Prospects
2.4.1. Commercialization
2.4.2. Fast Wireless EV Charging
2.4.3. Future Challenges and Opportunities
3. Smart Power Distribution Technologies
3.1. Power Distribution Technology
3.2. Battery Integrated Charging Solutions
3.3. Benefits and Business Opportunities
3.4. Technological Development
3.4.1. EVBox
3.4.2. APAS and HKPC
- An Intelligent Load Management System explicitly regulates the output power of the EV charging nodes to avoid the risk of overload and maximize electricity utilization;
- A Charging Facility Measurement and Management System could record and analyze individual charging node data in real-time to minimize operating and service costs.
3.5. Prospects
3.5.1. Building Electricity Distribution Systems
3.5.2. Future Challenges and Opportunities
4. V2H and V2G
4.1. V2H and V2G Technologies
4.2. Benefits and Business Opportunities
4.3. Technological Developments
4.3.1. Denmark
- Evaluating advanced smart grid services, such as V2G, by mass-produced vehicles and charging stations;
- Using a vehicle-assisted power system to coordinate supply and demand;
- Verifying the incorporation of vehicles into the power system vertically from distribution to market to optimize power system operation.
4.3.2. The Netherlands
- The energy self-sufficiency was significantly increased, so the zero-emission energy autonomy of participants was improved (from 34 to 65%);
- The frequency of energy exchanges between participants and the grid was significantly reduced (by 45%);
- The utilization efficiency of electrical energy storage capacity reached 93%;
- The loss of energy due to conversion throughout the process of storing energy into DC batteries and regaining power from them amounted to 80%;
- The battery capacity consumption for the two-year use was negligible (6~7%).
4.3.3. The U.S.
4.3.4. Japan
4.3.5. Hong Kong
4.4. Prospects
4.4.1. Integration with Smart Electricity Grids
4.4.2. Integration with Retired EV Batteries
4.4.3. Future Challenges and Opportunities
5. Connected Vehicles
5.1. CV Technologies
5.2. Benefits and Business Opportunities
5.2.1. Advantages in EVs
5.2.2. Charging Management and Parking Reservations
5.2.3. Fleet Management for Commercial EVs
5.2.4. Predictive Maintenance
5.2.5. Driving Behavior Analysis
5.2.6. Insurance
5.2.7. Traffic Control
5.2.8. Infotainment
5.3. Technological Developments
5.3.1. eCall
- Promoting investment in PSAP infrastructure and service interaction projects in EU member states;
- Advancing the preparation process for the universalization of eCall for vehicles with a high danger ratio, including chemical goods vehicles, long-term passenger carriers, and Powered Two-Wheeled machines (PTWs) [106];
- Promoting the development of data management and E112 call technologies and assessing the operational feasibility of PSAP infrastructure. In particular, Luxembourg achieved the criteria of feasibility assessment in 2017 and became the first member state to implement eCall.
5.3.2. OnStar
- Emergency services—auto-collision response, weather forecasting, crash rescue, and curbside assistance;
- Security services—remote ignition control, theft alerts, and stolen vehicle deceleration;
- Navigation services—regional road condition synchronization and optimal route planning;
- Connectivity services—OnStar 4G LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth hands-free, and adaptability of 3rd party apps;
- Vehicle management—vehicle condition detection, remote access, location tracking, and intelligent driving.
5.3.3. Mainland China
5.3.4. Hong Kong
- Developing “in-vehicle units” (IVUs) that enable drivers to access traffic information in real-time and pay for their driving remotely via it instead of using toll booths;
- Installing approximately 1200 traffic detectors on all critical links by 2020 to provide instant and accurate traffic information;
- Public participation in developing a specific Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) trial program to be implemented in the midlands and nearby regions in 2019;
- Gradually introducing intelligent traffic signal systems with pedestrian and vehicle detectors at intersections starting in 2021;
- Implementing the auto toll system in the new Tseung Kwan O-Lam Tin Tunnel for trial by 2021, upon approval of the supporting legislation approved by the Legislative Council;
- Taking forward the trial implementation of self-driving vehicles in the West Kowloon Cultural District and other regions;
- Encouraging transportation service providers to adopt e-payment for transportation and focusing on system reliability, client orientation, and operational efficiency;
- Encouraging transportation service providers to share their service data with relevant authorities;
- Developing technologies to deter inappropriate use of load/unload zones and illegal parking starting in 2018;
- Experimenting with crowd control systems to enable the detection of pedestrian and vehicular traffic during large-scale activities;
- Publishing instant traffic information about licensed buses via mobile devices by 2018 and installing real-time traffic screens at transportation interchanges and over 1300 bus stations by 2021;
- Establishing new types of on-street parking meters that can provide available space information in real-time and allow for multiple forms of payment, including app-based remote payment, from 2019 or 2021;
- Encouraging existing public parking operators to upgrade infrastructure that can provide available parking space information in real-time and enacting feasible measures that appeal to new public parking lots to be equipped with this capability.
5.4. Prospects
5.4.1. Empowering Technology Development
- Vehicle information online management systems, assisted by annual inspection and monitoring, can identify the operational status of vehicles remotely, including vehicle and driver license validity, vehicle violation records, and illegal modification status, which can significantly cut vehicle maintenance costs and improve traffic safety;
- Vehicles can be registered with an online ID in the form of a quasi-real name, significantly reducing fake registration, smuggling and illegal modifications, and other illegal operations. In addition, vehicle IDs can be readily bound to the owner’s credit account and payment information, strengthening the coupling between the physical and the network world to enhance the overall information security and reliability;
- New in-vehicle and mobile-side intelligent terminal software and hardware industries will be spawned, prompting the CV to become an irreplaceable large mobile device integrated into mobile Internet life. Intelligent terminals should have specific human–machine interfaces and be adapted with in-vehicle display hardware to synthesize mobile payment terminals. In addition, they should also have intelligent cloud services based on Telematics, such as intelligent traffic, real-time localization, remote diagnostics, and GID.
5.4.2. Data Analytics
- Promoting the development of intelligent transportation: vehicle information and customer feedback will enable product managers and R&D teams to formulate a reasonable product upgrade route;
- Improving customer stickiness: analyzing specific user preferences based on stream data and customer information, and customizing information and service delivery using predictive models;
- Optimizing comprehensive vehicle health management: based on vehicle data streams, conducting model analysis to provide more accurate and timely warnings, thus giving valuable suggestions for predictive maintenance;
- Upgrading after-sales services and local inventory: using real-time vehicle location information to match the appropriate after-sales sites to provide customized repair services and avoid blind inventory accumulation.
5.4.3. Future Challenges and Opportunities
6. Autonomous Driving
6.1. Autonomous Vehicle Technologies
6.1.1. SAE Standards
6.1.2. Sensory Technology
- (a)
- Ultrasonic sensors
- (b)
- Computer vision
- (c)
- Radio detection and ranging (radar) sensors
- (d)
- Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors
- (e)
- Odometry
- (f)
- GPS and cloud technology
6.1.3. Control Technology
6.1.4. Telematics Technology
6.2. Benefits and Business Opportunities
6.2.1. Two Innovations at the Same Time
6.2.2. Easier Implementation of Autonomous Features on EVs
6.2.3. Seamless Integration of Wireless Charging with Autonomy
6.2.4. Extension of Driving Range by Autonomy
6.2.5. Simultaneous Maturity
6.2.6. Simultaneous Mandate by Governments
6.3. Technological Developments in EVs
6.3.1. The U.S.
6.3.2. South Korea
6.3.3. Singapore
6.3.4. Mainland China
6.3.5. Hong Kong
6.4. Prospects
6.4.1. Immature Technology and Business Models
6.4.2. Regulation and Legislative Framework
6.4.3. Changes to Insurance
6.4.4. Investment in Infrastructure
6.4.5. Future Challenges and Opportunities
7. Conclusions and Outlooks
- High investment in basic hardware facilities;
- Insufficient market to participate in the testing of emerging EV technologies;
- Lack of open data for smart power distribution, V2G, V2H, and CVs;
- Mismatched 5G networks for necessary high-speed data transfer;
- Insufficient Big Data analysis ability.
- Lack of policy and legal support in many markets to develop these emerging technologies, especially autonomous driving;
- Lack of platforms to communicate, share, and display test results of new technologies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Challenges | Opportunities |
---|---|
Misalignment tolerance of the charger | Application and development of new materials |
Timing of high-speed power transfer | Extended range and battery life in EVs |
Multiple vehicles charging on each transmitter | Development of autonomous driving |
Charger life and durability under real conditions | Renewable energy storage |
Impact of grid | Frequency control at the grid connection |
High cost of infrastructure construction and large-scale deployment | Cost reduction for EVs |
Interoperability between multiple manufacturers | Cost reduction and environmental benefits |
Incentives | |
Fast charging | |
Universal standards |
Challenges | Opportunities |
---|---|
Market framework | New market models that enable active and reactive EV distribution service systems, such as load shifting, peak shaving, valley filling, voltage regulation, and reactive power control at the distribution system level |
Economic aspects | Economic evaluations, including aspects such as benefit analysis for all stakeholders and possible remuneration strategies for service providers |
Battery degradation | Integration of battery degradation costs with changes in charging/discharging strategies |
Challenges | Opportunities |
---|---|
Battery degradation | Integration of battery degradation costs with the change in the charging/discharging strategies |
Cyber attacks | New technologies that enhance the resiliency of the V2G and V2H systems against cyber–physical attacks and new security standards |
Time delay | Large bandwidth communication channels such as LAN, and WAN networks |
Stability issues | Development of robust controllers |
Challenges | Opportunities |
---|---|
CV interoperability | Integration of blockchain with CVs |
CV trustworthiness | Reliability, resilience, safety, security, and privacy improvement of CVs |
Efficient wireless resource allocation in CVs | Application and development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques in CVs |
Challenges | Opportunities |
---|---|
Limited physics-based models | Data-based models and hybrid models |
Lack of controllers for arbitrary situations | Fully applicable methods for numerical control design that can accommodate uncertainties and discover approximately optimal or even feasible solutions under real-time operation constraints |
Decision-making algorithms in autonomous vehicles, from powertrain control-loops to autonomous driving functionality | Development of large V2X systems and learning-based components (e.g., neural networks) |
Ensuring high reliability and low cost and complexity | Improved resilience against sensor and actuator failures, communication dropouts, and cyber attacks |
A lot of uncertainty regarding the deployment of autonomous vehicles in terms of what levels of automation will be introduced to public roads and when | Construction of new physical and cyber infrastructure |
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Mo, T.; Li, Y.; Lau, K.-t.; Poon, C.K.; Wu, Y.; Luo, Y. Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles. Energies 2022, 15, 6271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176271
Mo T, Li Y, Lau K-t, Poon CK, Wu Y, Luo Y. Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2022; 15(17):6271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176271
Chicago/Turabian StyleMo, Tiande, Yu Li, Kin-tak Lau, Chi Kin Poon, Yinghong Wu, and Yang Luo. 2022. "Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles" Energies 15, no. 17: 6271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176271
APA StyleMo, T., Li, Y., Lau, K.-t., Poon, C. K., Wu, Y., & Luo, Y. (2022). Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles. Energies, 15(17), 6271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176271