Characterizing Various Produced Waters from Shale Energy Extraction within the Context of Reuse
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Samples
2.2. Compositional Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bulk Measurements and Basic Parameters
3.2. Metals
3.3. Anions
3.4. Permian Basin Salt Water Disposal Samples Compared to National Values
3.5. Treatment Required for Direct Reuse and Beneficial Reuse
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Production Well Stimulation (mg/L) | Production Concern | |
---|---|---|
pH | 6.5–8.5 | Corrosion/Scaling |
TSS | 500 | |
Chloride | 30,000–50,000 | Fluid instability |
Sulfate | 500 | Scaling/Bacterial substrate |
Bicarbonate | 300 | Scaling |
Silica | 35 | Scaling |
Boron (B) | 10 | Crosslinker efficiency |
Barium (Ba) | 20 | Scaling |
Calcium (Ca) | 2000 | Scaling |
Iron (Fe) | 10 | Crosslinker efficiency |
Magnesium (Mg) | 2000 | Scaling |
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Liden, T.; Hildenbrand, Z.L.; Sanchez-Rosario, R.; Schug, K.A. Characterizing Various Produced Waters from Shale Energy Extraction within the Context of Reuse. Energies 2022, 15, 4521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134521
Liden T, Hildenbrand ZL, Sanchez-Rosario R, Schug KA. Characterizing Various Produced Waters from Shale Energy Extraction within the Context of Reuse. Energies. 2022; 15(13):4521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134521
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiden, Tiffany, Zacariah L. Hildenbrand, Ramon Sanchez-Rosario, and Kevin A. Schug. 2022. "Characterizing Various Produced Waters from Shale Energy Extraction within the Context of Reuse" Energies 15, no. 13: 4521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134521