New Integrated Energy Solution Idealization: Hybrid for Renewable Energy Network (Hy4REN)
Abstract
:1. Brief Introduction
2. Baseline Studies and Fundamentals to Support the New Concept
2.1. Pumped Hydropower Energy Storage (PHES)
2.2. Water-Air Transient Technology for Energy Storage (WATT4ES)
2.3. Solar PV
2.4. Oscillating Water Column (OWC) and Wells Turbines
2.5. Wind Turbine
2.6. Green Hydrogen Production and Storage
2.7. Desalination
2.8. Batteries
2.9. Power Converters
2.10. PAT Self-Excited Induction Generator (PAT-SEIG) Model
3. Materials and Methods of the Idealized Energy Concept
3.1. Reasons for this Research
3.2. Conceptualization
3.3. Main Components and Type of Operation
3.3.1. Hydro
3.3.2. Solar
3.3.3. Wind
3.3.4. Wave or Sea Water Surface Oscillation
3.3.5. Energy Storage System
3.4. Expected Impacts
4. Design Evaluation and Business Model
4.1. Innovative Design Configuration of the Coupled System
4.2. Pumped Hydropower Storage
4.3. Solar PV
4.4. Wind Turbines
4.5. Wave Energy Conversion
4.6. Business Model
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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∀ WATT4ES|m (m3) | Air Volume (%) | ∀ Air (m3) | D (m) | p (kPa) | Q (m3/s) | Phyd (kW) | E (kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.70 | 33 | 1.55 | 0.2 | 1467 | 0.08 | 124 | 1.96 |
50 | 2.33 | 1452 | 0.09 | 131 | 2.08 | ||
67 | 3.10 | 1379 | 0.09 | 125 | 1.98 |
Turbine/Characteristics | D (m) | Shaft Power (kW) | Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Wells with rotational speed limits and relief valve | 1.5 | 71 | 0.6 |
2.0 | 91 | 0.6 | |
2.5 | 102 | 0.59 | |
3.0 | 103 | 0.55 |
Hydropower Component | ||
---|---|---|
Equivalent diameter | m | 0.24 |
Velocity | m/s | 3 |
Equivalent flow | m3/s | 0.136 |
Efficiency η | - | 0.65 |
Equivalent head | m | 12 |
Equivalent friction losses | m | 0.54 |
Turbine Power | kW | 9.91 |
Turbine Flow Volume | hm3 | 4.28 |
Energy Produced/year | MWh | 86.8 |
WATT4ES | ||
---|---|---|
Drive head | m | 2 |
Drive pipe diameter | m | 0.23 |
Drive pipe length | m | 3 |
Diameter Hydram body | m | 0.1725 |
Delivery pipe diameter | m | 0.08 |
Delivery pipe length | m | 10.2 |
Static delivery head | m | 12 |
Waste valve stroke | m | 0.008 |
Waste valve mass | kg | 1.08 |
Delivery flow | m3/s | 0.0504 |
Hydram Efficiency η | - | 0.42 |
WATT4ES volume | m3 | 5.8 |
Air fraction | - | 0.33 |
Air Volume | m3 | 1.914 |
Internal pressure | kPa | 1467 |
Turbined flow | m3/s | 0.08 |
WATT4ES Efficiency η | - | 0.66 |
Auxiliary Electrical Pump | ||
---|---|---|
Residual flow | m3/s | 0.085 |
Pump rated flow | m3/s | 0.054 |
Rated Power 3 | kW | 3.7 |
Efficiency η | - | 0.72 |
Volume pumped | hm3 | 2.421 |
Energy consumed/year | MWh | 23.3 |
Average Solar PV Irradiance | ||
---|---|---|
Month | W/m2 | |
Jan | 135.2 | |
Feb | 165.71 | |
Mar | 192.18 | |
Apr | 233.13 | |
May | 262.55 | |
Jun | 273.28 | |
Jul | 296.37 | |
Aug | 294.31 | |
Sep | 240.65 | |
Oct | 192.16 | |
Nov | 155.46 | |
Dec | 136.37 | |
Total | 214.78 | |
Solar FPV Component | ||
Module | Jinko 400W Cheetah | |
N° Panels | 16 | |
Panel Power | W | 400 |
PV panels area | m2 | 30.5 |
Power installed | kW | 6.4 |
Tilt | °C | 15 |
Average T° | °C | 16.5 |
Average Irradiation | Wh/m2 | 1750 |
Average Irradiance | Wh/m2 | 214.8 |
Energy Produced/year | MWh | 11 |
Wind Component (One Turbine) | ||
---|---|---|
Roughness length | m | 0.0002 |
Air density | kg/m3 | 1.23 |
Wind Velocity | m2/s | 6.85 |
Swept Area | m2 | 3.8 |
Power available | kW | 0.75 |
Efficiency η (Betz Limit) | - | 0.54 |
Power produced | kW | 0.41 |
Number of wind turbines | Power | |
1 | kW | 0.41 |
2 | 0.81 | |
3 | 1.22 | |
4 | 1.62 | |
Capacity factor | - | 0.33 |
Energy Produced/year | MWh | 4.7 |
OWC Component | ||
---|---|---|
Wave amplitude | m | 1.6 |
Wave period | s | 7.8 |
Water density | kg/m3 | 1025 |
Volume of Air Chamber | m3 | 13.44 |
Power Wave | kW/m | 9.78 |
Maximum Power | kW | 993.57 |
Radiation conductance | m4s/kg | 0.000136 |
Radiation susceptance | m4s/kg | 0.00131 |
Equivalent inner structure radius | m | 2 |
Excitation flow rate amplitude | m3/s | 36.45 |
Turbine diameter | m | 0.5 |
Air density | kg/m3 | 1.23 |
Pressure oscillation | Pa | 69 |
Power absorbed | kW | 9.68 |
Turbine power | kW | 6.53 |
Efficiency η | - | 0.67 |
Energy Produced/year | MWh | 38.1 |
Batteries | ||
---|---|---|
Model | Discover AES | |
Total Capacity | kWh | 7.4 |
Output Power | KW | 6.65 |
Surge/Peak Power | KW | 15.3 |
Warranty | years | 10 |
Hy4REN Project Investment Costs | |
---|---|
Hydraulic System | €1100 |
Electrical System | €12,300 |
Automation and Control | €9000 |
Module Structure | €12,600 |
Moorings | €2500 |
Buoyancy System | €9800 |
Installation Cost | €61,000 |
Hydropower Component Costs | |
Upper tank | €200 |
Bottom reservoir tank | €300 |
Inlet funnel + Filter | €90 |
Pressure Stainless Steel Pipe | €410 |
Flexible pipe | €120 |
WATT4ES vessel | €600 |
Turbine PAT-SEIG | €2550 |
Water Pump 10 HP | €1672 |
Secondary Turbine | €1020 |
Solar PV Floating Costs | |
Solar Panels 400 W | €2448 |
Inverter | €1290 |
Batteries 7.4 kW | €920 |
Wind Power Component Costs | |
Vertical Wind Turbines 340 W | €350 |
Wave Energy Converter Costs | |
Wells Turbine 9 kW | €475 |
Total | €120,745 |
Economic Assessment | |
---|---|
Initial Investment | €120,745 |
O&M | €3864 |
Licenses | €2700 |
Pump replacement | €1672 |
Batteries replacement | €920 |
Insurance | €6300 |
Sales of electricity | €25,061 |
Discount rate | 5% |
Project Lifecycle | 25 |
CO2 emissions savings | €7626 |
Price of Electricity (€) | 0.21 |
LCOE (€/MW) | 105.95 |
Payback Period (years) | 7.5 |
NPV (€) | 156,426 |
IRR (%) | 16 |
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Ramos, H.M.; Vargas, B.; Saldanha, J.R. New Integrated Energy Solution Idealization: Hybrid for Renewable Energy Network (Hy4REN). Energies 2022, 15, 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113921
Ramos HM, Vargas B, Saldanha JR. New Integrated Energy Solution Idealization: Hybrid for Renewable Energy Network (Hy4REN). Energies. 2022; 15(11):3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113921
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos, Helena M., Brandon Vargas, and João Roquette Saldanha. 2022. "New Integrated Energy Solution Idealization: Hybrid for Renewable Energy Network (Hy4REN)" Energies 15, no. 11: 3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113921