Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hydrate-Bearing Sand: The Influence of Sand-Water Mixing Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Low-Field NMR
2.2.2. Triaxial Test Apparatus
2.2.3. Drained Triaxial Test
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Stress-Strain Relationship and Dilatancy
3.2. Measurement of Saturation Profile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Most of the water of sample 1 concentrates in the middle section, and the water content of sample 3 distributes mainly at the bottom. Nevertheless, water in sample 2 distributes uniformly. The reason for water’s uneven distribution is that liquid water would show a downward movement driven by gravity. The hydrate distribution habit would be determined by water (ice) distribution before hydrate formation.
- Compared with the sample with the evenly distributed hydrate, the sample with unevenly distributed hydrate shows a lower initial modulus of elasticity and lower strength. Furthermore, for these two kinds of host-sand-and-water-mixture prepared samples, the sample with evenly distributed hydrate shows strain-softening behavior, while the sample with unevenly distributed hydrate shows strain-hardening behavior. The peak strength of the sample with evenly distributed hydrate is higher than the 15% strain strength of the sample with unevenly distributed hydrate. During the shearing process with increasing strain, the stress of the sample with unevenly distributed hydrate is higher than that of the sample with evenly distributed hydrate.
- All three samples show the characteristic of contraction at first, and then dilation. Sample 2 has the largest dilation, and sample 3 has the smallest one.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HBS | hydrate-bearing sediments |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
THF | tetrahydrofuran |
hydrate saturation | |
volume of hydrate | |
pore volume of the host sand | |
mass of the hydrate | |
density of the hydrate | |
volume of the methane gas consumed by the samples | |
molar mass of methane hydrate | |
P | hydrate formation pressure |
T | hydrate formation temperature |
Z | compressibility factor |
R | gas constant |
GIT | Green Imaging Technologies |
LVDT | linear variable displacement transducer |
DHK | double half-k-space |
SPRITE | single-point ramped imaging with T1 enhancement |
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Sand–Water Mixing Method | Method 1 | Method 2 | Method 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Initial elastic modulus (100 MPa) | 5.724 | 7.168 | 5.466 |
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Liu, W.; Pan, D.; Shen, S.; You, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Sun, X. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hydrate-Bearing Sand: The Influence of Sand-Water Mixing Methods. Energies 2021, 14, 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092554
Liu W, Pan D, Shen S, You Z, Zhao Y, Sun X. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hydrate-Bearing Sand: The Influence of Sand-Water Mixing Methods. Energies. 2021; 14(9):2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092554
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Weiguo, Dedong Pan, Shi Shen, Zeshao You, Yuechao Zhao, and Xiang Sun. 2021. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hydrate-Bearing Sand: The Influence of Sand-Water Mixing Methods" Energies 14, no. 9: 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092554
APA StyleLiu, W., Pan, D., Shen, S., You, Z., Zhao, Y., & Sun, X. (2021). Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Hydrate-Bearing Sand: The Influence of Sand-Water Mixing Methods. Energies, 14(9), 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092554