Assessment of Energy Efficiency Gaps: The Case for Ukraine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- operating expenses;
- access to capital;
- External drivers include
- efficiency of power grids [59];
3. Materials and Methods
- globalization index (KOF);
- level of openness of the economy (Trade);
- level of urbanization (U).
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lorek, S.; Spangenberg, J.H. Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economy–beyond green growth and green economies. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 63, 33–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaffe, A.B.; Stavins, R.N. The energy-efficiency gap What does it mean? Energy Policy 1994, 22, 804–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, K.; Lin, B. Metafroniter energy efficiency with CO2 emissions and its convergence analysis for China. Energy Econ. 2015, 48, 230–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gillingham, K.; Palmer, K. Bridging the Energy Efficiency Gap: Policy Insights from Economic Theory and Empirical Evidence. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 2014, 8, 18–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, N.; Zhou, M. The inequality of city-level energy efficiency for China. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 255, 109843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tvaronavičienė, M.; Prakapienė, D.; Garškaitė-Milvydienė, K.; Prakapas, R.; Nawrot, Ł. Energy Efficiency in the Long-Run in the Selected European Countries. Econ. Sociol. 2018, 11, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shindina, T.; Streimikis, J.; Sukhareva, Y.; Nawrot, Ł. Social and Economic Properties of the Energy Markets. Econ. Sociol. 2018, 11, 334–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlyk, V. Institutional Determinants of Assessing Energy Efficiency Gaps in the National Economy. Socioecon. Chall. 2020, 4, 122–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, A.; Waseem, M.; Yang, M. An ensemble approach for assessment of energy efficiency of agriculture system in Pakistan. Energy Effic. 2020, 13, 683–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, B.; Long, H. A stochastic frontier analysis of energy efficiency of china’s chemical industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 87, 235–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chai, K.-H.; Baudelaire, C. Understanding the energy efficiency gap in Singapore: A Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 100, 224–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mier, M.; Weissbart, C. Power markets in transition: Decarbonization, energy efficiency, and short-term demand response. Energy Econ. 2020, 86, 104644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gerarden, T.D.; Newell, R.G.; Stavins, R.N.; Stowe, R.C. An assessment of the energy-efficiency gap and its implications for climate-change policy (No. w20905). Natl. Bur. Econ. 2015. Available online: https://www.nber.org/papers/w20905 (accessed on 1 November 2020).
- Muo, I.; Azeez, A.A. Green entrepreneurship: Literature review and agenda for future research. Int. J. Entrep. Knowl. 2019, 7, 17–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Čepel, M. Social and Cultural Factors and their Impact on the Quality of Business Environment in the SME Segment. Int. J. Entrep. Knowl. 2019, 7, 65–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jandačka, J.; Mičieta, J.; Holubčík, M.; Nosek, R. Experimental Determination of Bed Temperatures during Wood Pellet Combustion. Energy Fuel 2017, 31, 2919–2926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroušek, J.; Rowland, Z.; Valášková, K.; Král, P. Techno-economic assessment of potato waste management in developing economies. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2020, 22, 937–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lenhard, R.; Malcho, M.; Jandačka, J. Modelling of Heat Transfer in the Evaporator and Condenser of the Working Fluid in the Heat Pipe. Heat Transf. Eng. 2018, 40, 215–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroušek, J.; Bartoš, P.; Filip, M.; Kolář, L.; Konvalina, P.; Maroušková, A.; Moudrý, J.; Peterka, J.; Šál, J.; Šoch, M.; et al. Advances in the agrochemical utilization of fermentation residues reduce the cost of purpose-grown phytomass for biogas production. Energy Sources Part A 2020, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mardoyan, A.; Braun, P. Analysis of Czech Subsidies for Solid Biofuels. Int. J. Green Energy 2015, 12, 405–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroušek, J.; Strunecký, O.; Kolář, L.; Vochozka, M.; Kopecky, M.; Maroušková, A.; Batt, J.; Poliak, M.; Šoch, M.; Bartoš, P.; et al. Advances in nutrient management make it possible to accelerate biogas production and thus improve the economy of food waste processing. Energy Sources Part A 2020, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vu, H.M.; Ngo, V.M. Strategy Development from Triangulated Viewpoints for a Fast Growing Destination Toward Sustainable Tourism Development–A Case Of Phu Quoc Islands in Vietnam. J. Tour. Serv. 2019, 10, 117–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vatankhah, S.; Zarra-Nezhad, M.; Amirnejad, G. An empirical assessment of willingness to accept “low-cost” air transport services: Evidence from the Middle East. J. Tour. Serv. 2019, 10, 79–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroušek, J.; Maroušková, A.; Kůs, T. Shower cooler reduces pollutants release in production of competitive cement substitute at low cost. Energy Sources Part A 2020, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hadzima, B.; Janeček, M.; Estrin, Y.; Kim, H.S. Microstructure and corrosion properties of ultrafine-grained interstitial free steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2007, 462, 243–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bencsik, A.; Kosár, S.T.; Máchová, R. Corporate Culture in Service Companies that Support Knowledge Sharing. J. Tour. Serv. 2018, 9, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sjaifuddin, S. Environmental management prospects of industrial area: A case study on mcie, indonesia. Verslas Teor. Prakt. 2018, 19, 208–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunes, F.G.; Martins, L.M.; Mozzicafreddo, J. The influence of service climate, identity strength, and contextual ambidexterity upon the performance of public organizations. Adm. Manag. Public 2018, 31, 6–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cebula, J.; Chygryn, O.; Chayen, S.V.; Pimonenko, T. Biogas as an alternative energy source in Ukraine and Israel: Current issues and benefits. Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 2018, 21, 421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyulyov, O.; Shvindina, H. Stabilization Pentagon Model: Application in the management at macro- and micro-levels. Probl. Perspect. Manag. 2017, 15, 42–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makarenko, I.; Sirkovska, N. Transition to sustainability reporting: Evidence from EU and Ukraine. Bus. Eth. Leadersh. 2017, 1, 16–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Honma, S.; Hu, J.-L. A meta-stochastic frontier analysis for energy efficiency of regions in Japan. J. Econ. Struct. 2018, 7, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palmer, K.; Walls, M. Using information to close the energy efficiency gap: A review of benchmarking and disclosure ordinances. Energy Effic. 2017, 10, 673–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Solnørdal, M.T.; Foss, L. Closing the Energy Efficiency Gap—A Systematic Review of Empirical Articles on Drivers to Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Firms. Energies 2018, 11, 518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bhowmik, D. Financial Crises and Nexus between Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment. Financ. Mark. Inst. Risks 2018, 2, 58–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chygryn, O.; Pimonenko, T.; Luylyov, O.; Goncharova, A. Green Bonds like the Incentive Instrument for Cleaner Production at the Government and Corporate Levels: Experience from EU to Ukraine. J. Environ. Manag. Tour. 2019, 9, 1443–1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smékalová, L. Evaluating the cohesion policy: Targeting of disadvantaged municipalities. Adm. Manag. Public 2018, 31, 143–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyeonov, S.; Pimonenko, T.; Bilan, Y.; Štreimikienė, D.; Mentel, G. Assessment of Green Investments’ Impact on Sustainable Development: Linking Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy. Energies 2019, 12, 3891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prokopenko, O.; Chayen, S.; Cebula, J.; Pimonenko, T. Wind energy in Israel, Poland and Ukraine: Features and opportunities. Int. J. Ecol. Dev. 2017, 32, 98–107. [Google Scholar]
- Ibragimov, Z.; Lyeonov, S.; Pimonenko, T. Green investing for SDGS: EU experience for developing countries. Econo. Soc. Dev. Book Proc. 2019, 867–876. [Google Scholar]
- Vasylieva, T.A.; Leonov, S.L.; Makarenko, I.O.; Sirkovska, N. Sustainability information disclosure as an instrument of marketing communication with stakeholders: Markets, social and economic aspects. Mark. Manag. Innov. 2017, 4, 350–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ibragimov, Z.; Vasylieva, T.A.; Lyulyov, O.V. The national economy competitiveness: Effect of macroeconomic stability, renewable energy on economic growth. In Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development: Book of Proceedings 37th International Scientific Conference on Economic an Social Development, Baku, Azerbaijan, 14–15 February 2019; Varazdin Development & Entrepreneurship Agency: Baku, Azerbaijan, 2019; pp. 878–887. [Google Scholar]
- Mentel, G.; Vasilyeva, T.; Samusevych, Y.; Pryymenko, S. Regional differentiation of electricity prices: Social-equitable approach. Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 2018, 21, 354–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Derevianko, O. Reputation stability vs anti-crisis sustainability: Under what circumstances will innovations, media activities and CSR be in higher demand? Oeconomia Copernic. 2019, 10, 511–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade, H.S.; Loureiro, G. A Comparative Analysis of Strategic Planning Based on a Systems Engineering Approach. Bus. Ethics Leadersh. 2020, 4, 86–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visscher, I.; Beerkens, R. Organizational Identification at a Multinational Company. J. Intercult. Manag. 2020, 12, 67–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mercado, M.D.P.S.R.; Vargas-Hernández, J.G. Analysis of the Determinants of Social Capital in Organizations. Bus. Ethics Leadersh. 2019, 3, 124–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Widiyanti, M.; Sadalia, I.; Zunaidah; Nisrul, I.; Hendrawaty, E. Determining firm’s performance: Moderating role of csr in renewable energy sector of indonesia. Pol. J. Manag. Stud. 2019, 19, 432–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mačaitytė, I.; Kaunas University of Technology; Virbašiūtė, G. Volkswagen Emission Scandal and Corporate Social Responsibility–A Case Study. Bus. Ethics Leadersh. 2018, 2, 6–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biewendt, M.; Blaschke, F.; Böhnert;, A. An Evaluation Of Corporate Sustainability In Context Of The Jevons. Socioecon. Chall. 2020, 4, 46–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryl, Ł. Long-term Development of National Human Capital. Evidence from China and Poland. J. Intercult. Manag. 2020, 12, 30–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilan, Y.; Lyeonov, S.; Stoyanets, N.; Vysochyna, A. The impact of environmental determinants of sustainable agriculture on country food security. Int. J. Environ. Technol. Manag. 2018, 21, 289–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlyk, V. Assessment of green investment impact on the energy efficiency gap of the national economy. Financ. Mark. Inst. Risks 2020, 4, 117–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyulyov, O.; Pimonenko, T.; Kwilinski, A.; Dzwigol, H.; Dzwigol-Barosz, M.; Pavlyk, V.; Barosz, P. The Impact of the Government Policy on the Energy Efficient Gap: The Evidence from Ukraine. Energies 2021, 14, 373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaušková, A.; Rezníčková, M. SoLoMo marketing as a global tool for enhancing awareness of eco-innovations in Slovak business environment. Equilibrium 2020, 15, 133–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipkova, L.; Braga, D. Measuring commercialization success of innovations in the EU. Mark. Manag. Innov. 2016, 4, 15–30. [Google Scholar]
- Kovacova, M.; Kliestik, T.; Valaskova, K.; Durana, P.; Juhaszova, Z. Systematic review of variables applied in bankruptcy prediction models of Visegrad group countries. Oeconomia Copernic. 2019, 10, 743–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kliestik, T.; Valaskova, K.; Nica, E.; Kovacova, M.; Lazaroiu, G. Advanced methods of earnings management: Monotonic trends and change-points under spotlight in the Visegrad countries. Oeconomia Copernic. 2020, 11, 371–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jonek-Kowalska, I. Transformation of energy balances with dominant coal consumption in European economies and Turkey in the years 1990–2017. Oeconomia Copernic. 2019, 10, 627–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raszkowski, A.; Bartniczak, B. Towards sustainable regional development: Economy, society, environment, good governance based on the example of polish regions. Transform. Bus. Econ. 2018, 17, 225–245. [Google Scholar]
- Chygryn, O.Y.; Krasniak, V.S. Theoretical and applied aspects of the development of environmental investment in Ukraine. Mark. Manag. Innov. 2015, 3, 226–234. [Google Scholar]
- He, S. The Impact of Trade on Environmental Quality: A Business Ethics Perspective and Evidence from China. Bus. Ethics Leadersh. 2019, 3, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dkhili, H. Environmental performance and institutions quality: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Mark. Manag. Innov. 2018, 3, 333–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilan, Y.; Raišienė, A.G.; Vasilyeva, T.; Lyulyov, O.; Pimonenko, T. Public governance efficiency and macroeconomic stability: Examining convergence of social and political determinants. Public Policy Adm. 2019, 18, 241–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salihaj, T.; Marthalen, C.O.Z.S.K.; Pryimenko, S. Modification of the International Energy Agency Model (the IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security) for Assessing the Energy Security of Ukraine. Socioecon. Chall. 2017, 1, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, S. Regional Disparity and Sustainable Development in North-Eastern States of India: A Policy Perspective. Socioecon. Chall. 2018, 2, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavytskyy, A.; Kharlamova, G.; Giedraitis, V.; Šumskis, V. Estimating the interrelation between energy security and macroeconomic factors in European countries. J. Int. Stud. 2018, 11, 217–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bilan, Y.; Brychko, M.; Buriak, A.; Vasilyeva, T. Financial, business and trust cycles: The issues of synchronization. Zb. Rad. Ekon. Fak. Rij. 2019, 37, 113–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasylyeva, T.A.; Pryymenko, S.A. Environmental economic assessment of energy resources in the context of ukraine’s energy security. Actual Probl. Econ. 2014, 160, 252–260. [Google Scholar]
- Bilan, Y.; Vasilyeva, T.; Lyeonov, S.; Bagmet, K. Institutional complementarity for social and economic development. Verslas Teor. Prakt. 2019, 20, 103–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piłatowska, M.; Włodarczyk, A. Decoupling Economic Growth from Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the EU Countries. Montenegrin J. Econ. 1992, 14, 7–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Amri, A.; Boutti, R.; Rodhain, F. Sustainable Finance at the time of Institutions: Performativity through the lens of Responsible Management in Morocco. Financ. Mark. Inst. Risks 2020, 4, 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Cheng, S.; Song, M.; Nikic, V. Quo vadis? Major players in global coal consumption and emissions reduction. Transform. Bus. Econ. 2018, 17, 112–132. [Google Scholar]
- Bilan, Y.; Lyeonov, S.; Lyulyov, O.; Pimonenko, T. Brand management and macroeconomic stability of the country. Pol. J. Manag. Stud. 2019, 19, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutti, R. Multivariate Analysis of a Time Series EU ETS: Methods and Applications in Carbon Finance. Financ. Mark. Inst. Risks 2019, 3, 18–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palienko, M.; Lyulyov, O.; Denysenko, P. Fiscal Decentralisation as a Factor of Macroeconomic Stability of the Country. Financ. Mark. Inst. Risks 2017, 1, 74–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kazemilari, M.; Mohamadi, A.; Mardani, A.; Streimikiene, D. Network Topology of Renewable Energy Sector in Stock Exchange. Montenegrin J. Econ. 2018, 14, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karakasis, V.P. The impact of “policy paradigms” on energy security issues in protracted conflict environments: The case of Cyprus. Socioecon. Chall. 2017, 1, 5–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chovancová, J.; Tej, J. Decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions: The case of the energy sector in V4 countries. Equilibrium 2020, 15, 235–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djalilov, K.; Lyeonov, S.; Buriak, A. Comparative studies of risk, concentration and efficiency in transition economies. Risk Gov. Control. Financ. Mark. Inst. 2015, 5, 177–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendiukhov, I.; Tvaronavičienė, M. Managing innovations in sustainable economic growth. Mark. Manag. Innov. 2017, 3, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Ouyang, Y. The dynamic impacts of financial development and human capital on co2 emission intensity in china: An ardl approach. J. Bus. Econ. Manag. 2019, 20, 939–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leonov, S.V.; Vasilieva, T.A.; Buryak, A.V. Performance of Ukrainian banking business: Stochastic frontier analysis. Visnyk Natl. Bank Ukr. 2013, 6, 19–25. [Google Scholar]
- Kasperowicz, R. Economic growth and CO2 emissions: The ECM analysis. J. Int. Stud. 2015, 8, 91–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasperowicz, R.; Štreimikienė, D. Economic growth and energy consumption: A comparison of comparative analysis of V4 and “old” EU countries. J. Int. Stud. 2016, 9, 181–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilan, Y.; Streimikiene, D.; Vasylieva, T.; Lyulyov, O.; Pimonenko, T.; Pavlyk, A. Linking between Renewable Energy, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Challenges for Candidates and Potential Candidates for the EU Membership. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malinauskaite, J.; Jouhara, H.; Egilegor, B.; Al-Mansour, F.; Ahmad, L.; Pusnik, M. Energy efficiency in the industrial sector in the EU, Slovenia, and Spain. Energy 2020, 208, 118398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akram, R.; Chen, F.; Khalid, F.; Ye, Z.; Majeed, M.T. Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions: Evidence from developing countries. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 247, 119122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.; Lam, P.T. Non-market valuation of consumer benefits towards the assessment of energy efficiency gap. Energy Build. 2019, 184, 264–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arbolino, R.; Boffardi, R.; De Simone, L.; Ioppolo, G. Who achieves the efficiency? A new approach to measure “local energy efficiency”. Ecol. Indic. 2020, 110, 105875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribera, F.; Nesticò, A.; Cucco, P.; Maselli, G. A multicriteria approach to identify the Highest and Best Use for historical buildings. J. Cult. Herit. 2020, 41, 166–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Year | L | K * | Y | E | KOF | Trade | U |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 49.18 × 106 | 6139.44 × 106 | 31,303.63 × 106 | 2721.67 | 59.80 | 119.82 | 67.15 |
2001 | 48.64 × 106 | 7097.44 × 106 | 38,005.62 × 106 | 2754.52 | 60.28 | 103.96 | 67.15 |
2002 | 48.21 × 106 | 7696.26 × 106 | 42,382.44 × 106 | 2812.98 | 60.04 | 100.69 | 67.29 |
2003 | 47.82 × 106 | 9793.65 × 106 | 50,085.63 × 106 | 3026.01 | 61.13 | 107.45 | 67.42 |
2004 | 47.44 × 106 | 13,897.85 × 106 | 64,827.78 × 106 | 3032.07 | 62.55 | 113.75 | 67.63 |
2005 | 47.11 × 106 | 17,898.81 × 106 | 86,119.35 × 106 | 3032.07 | 63.31 | 97.22 | 67.76 |
2006 | 46.78 × 106 | 25,096.64 × 106 | 107,957.13 × 106 | 2936.58 | 65.04 | 91.47 | 67.97 |
2007 | 46.50 × 106 | 37,215.83 × 106 | 142,984.20 × 106 | 2995.90 | 67.63 | 90.83 | 68.17 |
2008 | 46.27 × 106 | 45,003.23 × 106 | 179,959.92 × 106 | 2910.27 | 70.04 | 96.93 | 68.31 |
2009 | 46.04 × 106 | 20,404.07 × 106 | 116,948.56 × 106 | 2487.42 | 71.45 | 89.84 | 68.51 |
2010 | 45.86 × 106 | 23,190.30 × 106 | 136,010.78 × 106 | 2887.08 | 71.88 | 98.10 | 68.58 |
2011 | 45.72 × 106 | 28,810.33 × 106 | 162,997.39 × 106 | 2768.33 | 74.29 | 106.27 | 68.72 |
2012 | 45.58 × 106 | 33,405.95 × 106 | 176,044.04 × 106 | 2686.51 | 74.59 | 104.06 | 68.79 |
2013 | 45.49 × 106 | 30,899.32 × 106 | 183,045.39 × 106 | 2552.94 | 74.66 | 95.11 | 68.85 |
2014 | 45.26 × 106 | 18,891.92 × 106 | 133,985.85 × 106 | 2335.54 | 75.04 | 100.69 | 68.99 |
2015 | 45.17 × 106 | 12,301.66 × 106 | 90,988.59 × 106 | 2591.52 | 76.94 | 107.77 | 69.06 |
2016 | 44.99 × 106 | 14,392.89 × 106 | 93,385.32 × 106 | 2565.73 | 76.86 | 105.53 | 69.13 |
2017 | 44.81 × 106 | 17,703.00 × 106 | 112,026.36 × 106 | 2540.20 | 76.48 | 103.75 | 69.27 |
2018 | 44.63 × 106 | 23,097.73 × 106 | 130,939.34 × 106 | 2514.93 | 75.26 | 99.09 | 69.34 |
2019 | 44.37 × 106 | 27,708.36 × 106 | 153,966.36 × 106 | 2489.91 | 74.81 | 90.20 | 69.48 |
Descriptive Statistics of Initial (Output) Data | |||||||
lnL | lnK | lnY | lnE | lnKOF | lnTrade | lnU | |
Mean | 4.61450 | 4.23900 | 23.63100 | 7.90993 | 17.65100 | 4.22500 | 25.32050 |
Median | 4.610000 | 4.275000 | 23.70000 | 7.915022 | 17.645000 | 4.230000 | 25.465000 |
Maximum | 4.790000 | 4.340000 | 24.530000 | 8.017368 | 17.710000 | 4.240000 | 25.930000 |
Minimum | 4.500000 | 4.090000 | 22.540000 | 7.755509 | 17.610000 | 4.210000 | 24.170000 |
Std. Dev. | 0.077288 | 0.094752 | 0.565554 | 0.079297 | 0.029540 | 0.011002 | 0.543134 |
Skewness | 0.298841 | −0.475719 | −0.451662 | −0.128833 | 0.440406 | −0.121631 | −0.824929 |
Kurtosis | 2.696913 | 1.600781 | 2.27212 | 1.864484 | 2.173876 | 1.748582 | 2.47774 |
Jarque–Bera | 0.374238 | 2.385873 | 1.121504 | 1.129823 | 1.215259 | 1.354352 | 2.495657 |
Probability | 0.829345 | 0.303329 | 0.570780 | 0.56841 | 0.544640 | 0.508050 | 0.287128 |
Sum | 92.2900 | 84.7800 | 472.6200 | 158.1986 | 353.0200 | 84.5000 | 506.4100 |
Sum Sq. Dev. | 0.113495 | 0.170580 | 6.077180 | 0.119471 | 0.016580 | 0.002300 | 5.604895 |
Correlation Matrix of Initial (Output) Data | |||||||
E | Y | KOF | K | L | Trade | U | |
E | 1.000 | −0.079 | −0.340 | 0.161 | 0.123 | −0.166 | −0.285 |
Y | −0.079 | 1.000 | 0.915 | 0.917 | −0.914 | −0.502 | 0.915 |
KOF | −0.340 | 0.915 | 1.000 | 0.697 | −0.956 | −0.400 | 0.991 |
K | 0.161 | 0.917 | 0.697 | 1.000 | −0.736 | −0.537 | 0.705 |
L | 0.123 | −0.914 | −0.956 | −0.736 | 1.000 | 0.541 | −0.982 |
Trade | −0.166 | −0.502 | −0.400 | −0.537 | 0.541 | 1.000 | −0.466 |
U | −0.285 | 0.915 | 0.991 | 0.705 | −0.982 | −0.466 | 1.000 |
Constants of the Model | Constant | Statistical Significance of Constants |
---|---|---|
α1 | 1.366 | 0.048 |
α2 | −2.123 | 0.056 |
α3 | −1.358 | 0.044 |
α5 | 0.081 | 0.023 |
α4 | −0.101 | 0.032 |
α6 | −0.001 | 0.131 |
α7 | −0.022 | 0.236 |
α9 | 0.049 | 0.024 |
α8 | 0.0657 | 0.368 |
β0 | −0.051 | 0.048 |
β1 | 0.0001 | 0.039 |
β4 | −0.003 | 0.024 |
β3 | 0.003 | 0.044 |
β5 | 0.0004 | 0.126 |
θ0 | −0.344 | 0.607 |
θ1 | 1.512 | 0.064 |
θ2 | 0.332 | 0.156 |
Variable | Without Control Variable | With Control Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
GDP | 0.00621 | 0.00571 | 0.00568 | 0.00556 | 0.00543 |
(0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | |
GDP2 | −0.00741 | −0.00634 | −0.00624 | −0.00661 | −0.00621 |
(0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | |
PE | — | 0.022 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.016 |
(0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | (0.000) *** | ||
U | — | — | 0.062 | 0.046 | 0.038 |
(0.078) * | (0.063) * | (0.051) * | |||
Trade | — | — | — | −0.350 | −0.253 |
0.516 | 0.611 | ||||
KOF | — | — | — | — | −0.750 |
0.312 | |||||
R-squared | 0.610 | 0.727 | 0.863 | 0.876 | 0.921 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vasylieva, T.; Pavlyk, V.; Bilan, Y.; Mentel, G.; Rabe, M. Assessment of Energy Efficiency Gaps: The Case for Ukraine. Energies 2021, 14, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051323
Vasylieva T, Pavlyk V, Bilan Y, Mentel G, Rabe M. Assessment of Energy Efficiency Gaps: The Case for Ukraine. Energies. 2021; 14(5):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051323
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasylieva, Tetyana, Vladyslav Pavlyk, Yuriy Bilan, Grzegorz Mentel, and Marcin Rabe. 2021. "Assessment of Energy Efficiency Gaps: The Case for Ukraine" Energies 14, no. 5: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051323
APA StyleVasylieva, T., Pavlyk, V., Bilan, Y., Mentel, G., & Rabe, M. (2021). Assessment of Energy Efficiency Gaps: The Case for Ukraine. Energies, 14(5), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051323