Optimized Extreme Learning Machine-Based Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring Considering Ambient Conditions’ Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The effects of ambient conditions (ambient temperature and wind speed change) on a WT’s internal temperature are investigated.
- Changes in the ambient conditions are used as the input of the WT temperature model. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use wind speed change as the input of a WT model.
- GA is used to optimize ELM to avoid local minima due to the irregularity of initial input weights and hidden layer bias.
2. Effects of Ambient Conditions
2.1. Wind Speed Change
2.2. Ambient Temperature Change
3. WT Monitoring Framework
3.1. Overview of the Proposed Framework
3.2. Input Parameter Selection
3.3. GA-ELM Modeling
4. Model Development and Validation
4.1. SCADA Datasets
4.2. Model Testing Result
5. Case Study
5.1. Ambient Temperature Change in Normal State
5.2. Wind Speed Change in Normal State
5.3. Main Bearing Failure Detection
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dataset | Start and End Time | Number of Data | Ambient Temperature | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Learning set | 1 May 00:00 20 May 23:59 | 28,800 | (8.41, 31.79) °C | (0.23, 23.62) m/s |
Testing set | 21 May 00:00 21 May 23:59 | 1440 | (12.45, 20.02) °C | (4.63, 16.09) m/s |
Criteria | GA-ELM | ELM | BPNN |
---|---|---|---|
MSE | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.58 |
MAE | 0.19 | 0.59 | 0.91 |
MAPE (%) | 0.26 | 0.73 | 1.84 |
Time (s) | 3.46 | 3.22 | 3.15 |
Dataset | Start and End Time | Number of Data | Ambient Temperature | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | 28 January 00:00–23:59 | 1440 | (−10.58,−0.02) °C | (9.75, 19.38) m/s |
Summer | 30 July 00:00–23:59 | 1440 | (25.93, 36.59) °C | (4.24, 8.61) m/s |
Cold wave | 24 Feberary 18:30–20:30 | 120 | (2.84, 16.32) °C | (15.63, 17.85) m/s |
Criteria | Winter | Summer | Cold Wave | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method I | Method II | Method I | Method II | Method I | Method II | |
MSE | 0.18 | 0.91 | 0.16 | 0.62 | 0.18 | 1.39 |
MAE | 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 1.07 |
MAPE (%) | 0.25 | 1.79 | 0.16 | 1.04 | 0.30 | 1.96 |
Dataset | Start and End Time | Number of Data | Ambient Temperature | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed increase | 12 April 09:00–10:39 | 100 | (13.92, 15.01) °C | (4.64, 15.12) m/s |
Wind speed decrease | 15 April 14:00–16:59 | 180 | (14.45, 15.89) °C | (3.97, 14.83) m/s |
Criteria | Wind Speed Increase | Wind Speed Decrease | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Method I | Method II | Method I | Method II | |
MSE | 0.15 | 2.85 | 0.12 | 0.95 |
MAE | 0.31 | 2.19 | 0.26 | 0.89 |
MAPE (%) | 0.47 | 3.48 | 0.38 | 1.54 |
Dataset | Start and End Time | Number of Data | Ambient Temperature | Wind Speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Failure | 18 Mar 05:40–10:39 | 300 | (−5.58, 0.02) °C | (3.64, 17.86) m/s |
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Hou, Z.; Lv, X.; Zhuang, S. Optimized Extreme Learning Machine-Based Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring Considering Ambient Conditions’ Effects. Energies 2021, 14, 7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227529
Hou Z, Lv X, Zhuang S. Optimized Extreme Learning Machine-Based Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring Considering Ambient Conditions’ Effects. Energies. 2021; 14(22):7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227529
Chicago/Turabian StyleHou, Zhengnan, Xiaoxiao Lv, and Shengxian Zhuang. 2021. "Optimized Extreme Learning Machine-Based Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring Considering Ambient Conditions’ Effects" Energies 14, no. 22: 7529. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227529