Energy Efficiency in the Industry 4.0 Era: Attributes of Teal Organisations

Abstract

The rapid development of innovations in the industry 4.0 era led to new or evolved companies. At the same time, the accepted concept of carbon-free development requires building a new philosophy for the company’s management. The paper aims to analyse the key attributes of teal organisations (as a new type of a company) from the energy sector (as a core sector for carbon-free transformation). The paper summarises the core features of teal organisations and their attributes. In the paper, three hypotheses are tested: innovations and technologies are the most used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector; organisational and corporate culture are the least used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector; in the energy sector, the companies that have the attributes of teal organisations primarily work in countries with a high level of innovation and information technologies (as a core indicator of Industry 4.0) and economic development. For testing the hypotheses, the following methods are applied: a Friedman test, a paired-samples t-test, the principal components analysis, a correlation analysis, an ANOVA test (analysis of variance), and a regression analysis. The online survey generates the data for analysis. The object of the research is the workers from the energy sector companies from five countries (Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Slovakia, and Romania). The findings of the statistical analysis confirm the first and second hypotheses. Companies in the energy sector mostly use innovations and technologies as the attributes of teal organisations. The regression analysis results show that an increase of 1% of patent applications leads to an increased energy efficiency of 1.29%. Additionally, the implemented features of teal organisations in the energy sector allow for improving the country’s energy efficiency, which, as a consequence, then boosts carbon-free development.

1. Introduction

Considering the Green Deal Policy, EU countries declared the ambitious goal to become climate-neutral by 2050 through reducing emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels [1]. In the first stage, this requires changes and reforms in the energy sectors. This necessitates building new philosophies of management at both the government and company levels. Additionally, the bottom-up approach is more effective than if the government tries to implement the mechanisms that companies do not accept from energy sectors and society. Furthermore, the tendencies noted above require reorientation of the management and organisation model considering the sustainable development principles, goals of the Green Deal Policy and using the achievements of Industry 4.0 (innovations, technologies, etc.). A new paradigm of management at energy companies should be available for getting accustomed to new changes in the market. Considering [2,3,4,5], the teal organisation could be characterised as the evolutionary company with a well-developed organisational model that is flexible, quick to adapt to the endogenous and exogenous changes, and that ensures the sustainable growth of the company. This paper aims to analyse the key attributes of teal organisations (as a new type of a company) from the energy sector (as a core sector for carbon-free transformation). The paper has the following structure: a literature review—summarising the scientific background in the research on teal organisations in achieving the goals of climate-neutral and sustainable development; materials and methods—describing the methods to achieve the paper’s aims and to test the hypothesis highlighted; results—explanation of findings; discussion—a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the previous research; conclusion—summarising of the research findings and options of their implementation.

2. Literature Review

Globalisation, development of disruptive technologies, and reorientation to sustainable development policy require transformation of a paradigm of a company’s management. The top management should quickly react to the new trends and get accustomed to them, which allows them to increase their competitiveness in the market. These trends result in developing a new type of a company—a teal or evolutionary organisation. The concept of the evolutionary organisation was developed by Frederic Laloux [6] as a new philosophy of management. Kamo and Phillips [7], on the example of IT companies Microsoft, Intel, and Netscape, highlight the core indicators which characterise the evolutionary organisations: agent, non-linearity, decentralisation, the edge of chaos, parallelism, emergence, weak butterfly effect, novelty, internal rule, recombination, no-optimal and speed, diversity. At the same time, Laloux [6] identified three milestones in teal organisations: evolutionary goals, self-managed, and wholeness.

2.1. Evolutionary Goals and Industry 4.0

The companies from energy sectors could not achieve their evolutionary goals (neutral climate targets, developing smart technologies, etc.) without innovation technologies available due to Industry 4.0 [8,9]. In this case, the crucial role belongs to government policy in the energy sector that supports and enhances the implementation of innovative technologies. Using the fully modified OLS and dynamic OLS panel cointegration techniques and the generalised method of moments in papers [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25], the scientists prove that effective government policy allows for bridging the energy efficiency gap and cutting greenhouse gas emissions on the way to climate-neutral development. Based on the example of the Polish steel industry in the era of Industry 4.0, the authors [26] confirm the hypothesis linking investment in green innovations and the companies’ energy efficiency. Paper [27] generalises the positive effect of implementing the cyber-physical production systems in companies of the energy sector. The most cited paper (considering Scopus), [28], confirmed that evolutionary management could not be realised without innovations. Arakji and Lang in [29] analyse the diffusion of innovations as the core elements of companies’ evolution. On the example of the EU countries, Borowski [30,31,32,33] confirms the hypothesis that blockchain and artificial intelligence allow reducing energy consumption in the industrial sector. For Sub-Saharan Africa, Kunkel and Matthess [34] allocate the direct and indirect effect of information technologies on energy sector development. A similar conclusion is made by the [35,36]. Thus, the countries that pursue effective policy on research and development and diffusion of green innovations have a favourable climate for developing teal organisations in the energy sector. Teal organizations have the evolutionary goalsto positively affect society and world development. This differs from teal organizations from other types of business models that aim to maximize the profit. Thus, one of the examples of evolution goals—“using business to encourage for finding ways to overcome ecological issues”. In this case the first hypothesis of the investigation is:

Hypothesis 1 (H1).

Innovations and technologies are the most used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector.

2.2. Self-Managed and Corporate Culture

Developing new technologies and spreading innovations lead to continuous improvement in human capital skills. At the same time, Industry 4.0 causes changes in the corporate culture where each worker should feel part of the team and understand their role in the company’s development [37,38,39,40]. Yousef [41] concludes that management where workers trust their leader or have options for self-development is more effective than authoritarian management. Andriopoulos [42] identifies five features of the company’s management that should consider fostering creativity and performance of the organisation: the company’s climate; the leadership style; the internal culture; the option for self-development; links and distance between management and workers. The research [43], based on the survey of 270 respondents, tests the 11 hypotheses related to the connection between corporate cultures and core determinants. The correlation analysis applied confirms that leadership and motivation are the core elements of the corporate culture for the flexible and rapid growth of the companies. Based on findings of structural equation modelling, the authors [44] prove that diffusion of green innovations is not effective without the company’s acceptable culture. Additionally, they analyse green innovation culture as a mediator in the chain “green human resource management—green competitive advantage”. They confirm the statistically significant impact of green abilities on self-development (training and education), motivation (material and moral), and opportunities (involvement and leadership) on the companies’ green growth. The authors [45] also confirm that green innovations require the relevant culture and green-consciousness among stakeholders. Based on the analysis of Fortune 500 firms, paper [46] identifies six core elements of positive corporate culture: self-development of the staff; transparency; awareness of the company’s goals and mission; top-management openness; tolerant behaviour; recognition of the achievements and considering the results. The findings noted above posit that a developing environment has the company take pro-active measures to improve the corporate culture and develop the relevant conditions for the labour force’s self-development.

2.3. Wholeness and Organisations’ Structure

Simetinger and Zhang [47] confirm that the spread of Industry 4.0 has changed organisational structure and the employees’ role. They proposed to develop the maturity models for the companies, which allow for involving all employees into the company’s operation. In paper [48], the authors proposed using the multi-agent incorporated hierarchical ensemble model, which is based on the principles of neuro-evolution strategy. They suggested that this model allows achieving convergence among all departments and their workers. Fombrun and Wally analyse 95 American companies that demonstrate stable growth in a rapidly changing external environment [49]. They prove that companies should work as a synchronised mechanism, eliminate bureaucratisation, and develop decentralisation in the management system. In such an approach, all employees have equal responsibilities in the company’s management.

The findings of paper [50] showed that a lean organisational structure adopts quickly to implement new technologies and innovations. Using a survey, the authors [51] analyse the relationship between a company’s structure and its performance in an example of Malaysian firms. They highlight that a company’s structure is a core element influencing its performance. In this case, the organisational structure should work as a single mechanism and synchronise operation of all parts (departments) of the company. A similar conclusion is made by the authors in paper [52], who maintain that for big holdings, inefficient organisational structure changes lead to a decline in the company’s performance. Using the hierarchical multiple regression and multiple group analysis procedure, Gokus [53] confirms the hypothesis that the organisational structure is a mediator between communications with customers and the company’s strategy. In an example of Chinese companies, Wei et al. [54] prove that the development culture has a direct effect on the company’s performance. Busse [55] criticises continuous transformations of the organisational structure. However, they confirm the role of employees’ value priorities in the company’s success. The findings of the analyses noted above conclude that the companies’ operation passes a few stages of the development, and a teal organisation is the highest level of evolution that merges the best achievements of disruptive innovations and operates on sustainable development principles. In general, teal approaches were implemented in the companies with high qualified labour where they not only have options for self-development but also are responsible for the decisions, are independent, and work as a team. Furthermore, for the energy sector achieving the maximum level of self-organization and liner structure of the organization is limited, and methods could be combined or different in other parts of the organization and corporate culture. Thus, the second hypothesis of the paper is:

Hypothesis 2 (H2).

Organisational structure and corporate culture are the least used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector.

2.4. Teal Organisations, Industry 4.0, and Energy Efficiency

Accepting new Green Deal policy requires transformation of a paradigm of the company’s management. If first requires reorienting the companies’ management in the energy sector. Thus, paper [56] based on a questionnaire analysed the readiness of the companies to implement achievements of Industry 4.0 on the way to meet the target of Green Deal Policy. Industry 4.0 provokes the developing of disruptive innovations that lower the negative impact on the environment and increase the energy efficiency of the country. Fritzsche et al. [57], with a summary of the literature, showed that Industry 4.0 is closely connected to energy efficiency. They highlight that it requires improving government policy for green innovations among industrial sectors. In the case for MENA countries, the authors [58] conclude the positive effect of innovations on energy efficiency. At the same time, the shadow economy decreases the energy efficiency of countries. The authors prove the positive effect on energy efficiency from the implementation of economic reform in the country. Using the fully modified OLS and dynamic OLS panel cointegration techniques and the generalised method of moments, papers [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25] prove the role of government policy in decreasing the energy efficiency gap and increasing the country’s energy security. The findings in paper [59] prove that smart and innovation technologies lower energy costs and increase energy efficiency. Based on the example of the Polish steel industry in the era of Industry 4.0, paper [26] confirms the hypothesis of the link between investment in green technologies and the energy efficiency of companies. For this purpose, the authors use Gretl software.

Using comparison analysis, the scientists [60] highlight that developing the smart grid is a core goal for decreasing energy losses and increasing energy efficiency. Additionally, papers [61,62,63] confirm that innovation technologies boost development of renewable energy and as a consequence lead to increasing the energy efficiency of the country. Junker and Domann [64] analyse the energy management at the company level and confirm the core role of Industry 4.0 that increases the energy efficiency of the business sector. In paper [27] the Industry 4.0 is analysed as the catalysator of energy cost reduction in batch production. Thus, the authors generalise the positive effect from the implementation of the cyber-physical production systems in the company. Borowski [30], using an example of EU countries, confirms the hypothesis that blockchain and artificial intelligence reduces energy consumption in the industrial sector and increases energy efficiency. In an example of Sub-Saharan Africa, Kunkel and Matthess [34] examine the direct and indirect effect of information technologies on the development of the energy sector. They highlight that information technologies decrease the gap between energy production and disruption. The results of the aforementioned analysis conclude that the efficiency of implementing available innovations under the Industry 4.0 increases the energy efficiency of the countries. At the same time, the core role in providing energy efficiency is the business sector and efficient management of the company.

Paper [30] proved the necessity of EU energy transformation to achieve the goals of a carbon-free economy by year 2050. At the same time the analysis of National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) confirmed the actuality of implementing the modern instruments for reaching the targets of Green Deal Policy by EU countries. The focus of the investigation is the process of developing and implementing the mechanism of innovative energy sector development under the Industry 4.0 revolution. Considering the analyses noted above, the third hypothesis of the investigation is:

Hypothesis 3 (H3).

The country’s energy efficiency depends on the economic development, innovation, and information technologies (as a core indicator of Industry 4.0) and the development of teal organisations in the energy sector.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Participants and Procedures

The data for analysing the perception level of teal organisations’ attributes in the Industry 4.0 era are collected using an online survey. The object of the research is the workers of energy sector companies from five countries (Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Slovakia, and Romania). Noting that under the program of ENTSO-E, EU countries have 82 interconnections with ten neighbouring countries, including Ukraine, in energy systems and trading. Ukraine has boundaries with three EU countries (Poland, Slovakia, and Romania), which allows for the integration of Ukraine into ENTSO. Georgia is a potential candidate for EU membership, and it has already passed the stage of EU integration, including in the energy policy. As the EU orients to strengthen the cooperation with potential candidates (such as Ukraine and Georgia), the objects of the investigation were EU counties (Poland, Slovakia, and Romania) and potential candidates (Ukraine, Georgia).

The purpose of the survey and a short explanation of the teal organisation concept are sent to the respondents through email and social networks (Facebook Messenger, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp). The online survey was held during January–May 2021. The answers from 393 respondents were collected. The total number of companies was 40. With the purpose of estimating the attitude and awareness of teal organisations among not only companies’ management but also the whole staff, all respondents were considered. The core concept of a teal organization is involving all workers in achieving the company’s mission and being self-responsible people, especially in reaching the goals of carbon-free development. The questionnaire contains two blocks of questions: The first block identifies the role in the organisation; the second block contains question on core dimensions (attributes) of the teal organisations in the energy sector (the innovations and technologies; corporate culture; organisational culture). The second block contains six questions for each dimension relevant to the attributes of teal organisations.

The structure of the respondents’ sample in each country are shown in

Table 1. The structure of respondents’ sample in each country.

Country	Total Number of Companies	Respondents		Workers	Top Management
		Total Number	Share in the Total Number
Poland	8	71	0.18	48	23
Ukraine	8	71	0.18	46	25
Georgia	7	78	0.20	55	23
Slovakia	9	93	0.24	65	28
Romania	8	80	0.20	53	27

.

The respondents estimate the attributes of teal organisations using the Likert scale (0—strongly disagree; 5—strongly agree).

Table 2. The descriptive statistics of each attribute of the teal organisations considering the respondents’ answers.

Variables	Dimensions	Mean
		Sl	Ukr	Gr	Pl	Ro
Innovations and technologies (IT)	The company priorities the investments in modern technologies (IT1)	4.81	3.98	3.95	4.22	4.43
	The company ensures that all processes carried out in the company are innovative (IT2)	4.20	3.44	3.41	3.71	3.88
	The employees have tools at their disposal that use modern technologies (IT3)	4.02	3.33	3.32	3.65	3.81
	The employees could learn and develop (IT4)	4.28	3.49	3.45	3.77	3.94
	The employees could constantly develop professionally (IT5)	4.19	3.41	3.39	3.71	3.88
	The company gives open space for creative and innovative activities (IT6)	4.42	3.61	3.57	3.87	4.04
Cronbach alpha		0.77
Corporate culture (CC)	The company relationships are based on teamwork (CC1)	3.00	2.54	2.56	2.85	2.93
	The employees know the company’s goals and try to achieve a common goal (CC2)	3.06	2.54	2.50	2.80	2.96
	Competition has been replaced by partnership and cooperation (CC3)	2.80	2.45	2.53	2.79	2.87
	The members of the team have the ability of self-management (CC4)	4.05	3.31	3.30	3.63	3.79
	All company activities are transparent (CC5)	3.16	2.56	2.53	2.78	2.89
	The actions of the employees are based on mutual trust (CC6)	3.06	2.49	2.48	2.76	2.85
Cronbach alpha		0.75
Organisational culture (OC)	The company has a decentralised structure (OC1)	3.06	2.49	2.49	2.80	2.90
	The company structure is flat and horizontal (OC2)	3.13	2.56	2.54	2.80	2.92
	There is no hierarchy of positions in the company (OC3)	3.10	2.66	2.70	2.99	3.10
	All employees of the company are equal, regardless of experience, seniority, or positions held (OC4)	2.74	2.47	2.53	2.77	2.83
	In the company, no one gives orders to anyone because everyone knows their tasks and responsibilities (OC5)	2.94	2.54	2.55	2.84	2.96
	The employees participate in shaping changes in the company (OC6)	3.17	2.44	2.40	2.79	2.85
Cronbach alpha		0.73

Note: Pl—Poland, Ukr—Ukraine, Gr—Georgia Sl—Slovakia, Ro—Romania.

contains the descriptive statistics of the respondents’ answers on estimating the attribute of the teal organisations. The estimation of each indicator (innovations and technologies, organisational structure, corporate culture) is calculated as the average values of all components.

The findings in Table 2 allow us to conclude that the respondents’ answers are consistent, as the Cronbach alpha is in the interval 0.73–0.75.

Considering the new wave of decarbonisation, the teal organisations in the energy sector should provide innovative technologies that decrease emissions and increase energy efficiency. The EU countries declare the 2030 target to decrease energy consumption by at least 32.5%. It means that primary energy consumption should be no more than 1273 Mtoe and final energy consumption no more than 956 Mtoe in 2030.

Considering the official reports, Poland and Ukraine have the highest volume of primary energy consumption. In 2019, Poland consumed 98.13 million tonnes of oil equivalent, and Ukraine consumed 74.98 million tonnes of oil equivalent. However, in Ukraine, the volume of primary energy consumption has already rapidly declined since 2003. On the contrary, since 2015, Poland has increased the volume of primary energy consumption. Romania, Slovakia, and Georgia have the lowest level of primary energy consumption among EU countries.

3.2. Data Analysis

At the first stage of testing the first and the second hypotheses, the respondents’ perceptions about the priority of using the teal organisations’ attributes from the energy sector are identified by using the Friedman test (considering the data for all countries on all components: innovations and technologies, organisational structure, and corporate culture). The results of the Friedman test determine the statistically significant differences among perceptions about the teal organisations’ attributes. Additionally, the paired-sample t-test compares the average value for each attribute in order to identify whether the attribute with the highest average value is more statistically significant than other attributes involved in this variable.

At the next stage, factor analysis (principal components analysis) is applied. This method indicates the factor load of each of the attributes. The correlation analysis estimates the relationship among attributes of teal organisations. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (КМО) indicator (which estimates the proportion of variables’ variance that the core factors could describe) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (which indicates the existence or absence of a significant correlation among the attributes’ value) determine the possibility to apply the factor analysis.

The ANOVA test is applied for empirical justification of the third hypothesis. It determines the statistically significant differences among the levels of respondents’ perceptions of the priority of teal organisations’ attributes from the energy sector. Considering papers [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,61], the research model on determinants of increasing the country’s energy efficiency could be written as a functional dependence:

$$EE=f\left(GDP, TECH, ICT, Teal\right)$$

(1)

Considering Equation (1), energy efficiency is the function of the level of innovation (TECH), information technologies (ICT), economic development (GDP):

$$lnE{E}_{it}={\alpha }_0+{\alpha }_{1}lnTEC{H}_{it}+{\alpha }_{2}lnIC{T}_{it}+{\alpha }_{3}Tea{l}_{it}+{\alpha }_{4}lnGD{P}_{it}+u_{it}$$

(2)

where EE is the energy efficiency of a country i at time t, $TECH$ is a patent application collected from World Bank [65], ICT is information technologies, $\mathrm{teal}$ is the rank value of a country by the attributes of a teal company, GDP is GDP per capita collected from the World Bank [65], ${\alpha }_0$ … ${\alpha }_4$ are the searched coefficients, and $u_{it}$ is a stochastic error.

The country’s energy efficiency (dependent variable) is measured by the World Energy Trilemma Index, which is calculated by the experts of the World Energy Council [66]. The Energy Trilemma Index merges three core dimensions:

• Energy security—estimates the efficiency of the country’s energy policy, reliability, and resilience of the energy infrastructure;
• Energy equity—estimates the equal access to affordable energy resources;
• Environmental sustainability—estimates the capacity to avoid and overcome the negative anthropogenic impact and climate changes [66].

Thus, considering papers [12,61], GDP has a causal effect on energy efficiency. Furthermore, papers [10,11,12,25,26,27,30,34,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,67] confirm that patent application and information technologies decrease energy loses and increase energy efficiency. In this case, the exogenous factors of model (2) are patent applications, information technologies, the rank value of a country by the attributes of a teal company, and GDP.

As the data are limited, in this research as well as in paper [67], the number of Internet and mobile users per population is used to measure ICT. The data are collected from the World Bank [65].

4. Results

The highest average value of each attribute in the component innovations and technologies, corporate culture, and organisational structure comprises the following:

• The company priorities in the investments in modern technologies (IT₁)—the value is in the interval from 3.95 to 4.81 depending on country;
• The members of the team have the ability to self-management (CC₄)—the value is in the interval from 3.30 to 4.05;
• The employees participate in shaping transformations in the company (OC₆)—the value is in the interval from 2.40 to 3.17.

Each attribute among six has an average value that describes the significance of the component as compared with others. The average value of «innovations and technologies» is higher than other components among the respondents—from 3.42 to 4.21—depending on the country.

Table 3. The empirical results of the Friedman test and paired-sample t-test.

Dimensions	Friedman Test		Paired-Sample t-Test
	${\mathit{\chi }}^{\mathbf{2}}$	p-Value	t Value	p-Value
Innovations and technologies/The company prioritises the investments in modern technologies	83.23	0.00 *	3.22	0.000 *
Corporate culture/The members of the team have the ability to self-management	30.18	0.00 *	3.01	0.003 *
Organisational structure/The employees participate in shaping transformations in the company	98.43	0.00 *	4.05	0.002 *

*—statistical significance is at 1% level.

contains the findings of the Friedman test and paired-sample t-test.

The findings in Table 3 do not confirm statistically significant differences between respondents’ perception of attributes of teal companies “Innovations and technologies”, “Corporate culture” and “Organisational structure”. The most significant attributes in the framework of each group are: the company’s priorities in investing into modern technologies; the members of the team have the ability to self-management; the employees participate in shaping transformations in the company. These findings imply that attributes of teal organisations are relevant for companies in energy sector.

The findings of the correlation analysis (

Table 4. The findings of the correlation analysis.

	IT1	IT2	IT3	IT4	IT5	IT6	CC1	CC2	CC3	CC4	CC5	CC6	OC1	OC2	OC3	OC4	OC5	OC6
IT1	1.00
IT2	1.00	1.00
IT3	0.97	0.96	1.00
IT4	1.00	1.00	0.97	1.00
IT5	0.99	0.99	0.96	0.99	1.00
IT6	1.00	1.00	0.96	1.00	0.99	1.00
CC1	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.89	0.91	0.88	1.00
CC2	0.97	0.96	0.92	0.97	0.96	0.97	0.79	1.00
CC3	0.98	0.98	0.96	0.99	0.98	0.98	0.83	0.97	1.00
CC4	1.00	0.99	0.97	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.92	0.94	0.98	1.00
CC5	0.96	0.95	0.91	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.94	0.91	0.90	0.95	1.00
CC6	0.93	0.92	0.91	0.92	0.94	0.92	0.97	0.87	0.87	0.93	0.98	1.00
OC1	0.92	0.92	0.91	0.92	0.93	0.91	0.98	0.86	0.87	0.93	0.96	0.98	1.00
OC2	0.94	0.93	0.91	0.94	0.94	0.93	0.96	0.89	0.89	0.94	0.98	0.98	0.98	1.00
OC3	0.88	0.88	0.90	0.87	0.91	0.85	0.98	0.77	0.83	0.91	0.89	0.93	0.95	0.93	1.00
OC4	0.73	0.73	0.77	0.72	0.76	0.69	0.94	0.68	0.65	0.77	0.80	0.85	0.89	0.85	0.95	1.00
OC5	0.74	0.74	0.78	0.73	0.75	0.71	0.89	0.61	0.68	0.77	0.78	0.83	0.85	0.82	0.89	0.89	1.00
OC6	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.87	0.82	0.82	0.87	0.90	0.92	0.88	0.90	0.83	0.75	0.76	1.00

) confirm the strong relationships between the attributes. The pairwise correlation coefficient is in the interval from 0.65 to 0.99. Based on Chaddock’s scale [68], the strong direct correlation (very high [0.9–0.99]) is determined between attributes’ groups “Innovations and technologies”-“Corporate culture” and “Innovations and technologies”-“Organisational structure” for: IT₁-CC₁, IT₂-CC₁, IT₃-CC₁, IT₄-CC₁, IT₅-CC₁, IT₁-CC₂, IT₂-CC₂, IT₃-CC₂, IT₄-CC₂, IT₅-CC₂, IT₁-CC₃, IT₂-CC₃, IT₃-CC₃, IT₄-CC₃, IT₅-CC₃, IT₁-CC₄, IT₂-CC₄, IT₃-CC₄, IT₄-CC₄, IT₅-CC₄, IT₆-CC₄, IT₁-CC₅, IT₂-CC₅, IT₃-CC₅, IT₄-CC₅, IT₅-CC₅, IT₆-CC₅, IT₁-CC₆, IT₂-CC₆, IT₃-CC₆, IT₄-CC₆, IT₅-CC₆, IT₆-CC₆, IT₁-OC₁, IT₂-OC₁, IT₃-OC₁, IT₄-OC₁, IT₅-OC₁, IT₁-OC₂, IT₂-OC₂, IT₃-OC₂, IT₄-OC₂, IT₅-OC₂, IT₆-OC₂, IT₃-OC₃, IT₅-OC₃.

The value indicator Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (for each attribute approaching 1) and the Bartlett’s test (less than 0.05) indicate that factor analysis could be applied to determine the data structure. The findings of the principal component analysis (

Table 5. The findings of the principal component analysis.

Eigenvalues
Number	Value		Difference		Proportion		Cumulative Value		Cumulative Proportion
1	16.266		15.204		0.904		16.266		0.904
2	1.062		0.808		0.059		17.329		0.963
3	0.254		0.090		0.014		17.583		0.977
Eigenvectors (loadings):
Variable	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3	Variable	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3	Variable	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3
IT1	0.245	−0.172	0.096	CC1	0.239	0.248	0.004	OC1	0.241	0.149	−0.125
IT2	0.243	−0.173	0.123	CC2	0.229	−0.346	−0.076	OC2	0.242	0.072	−0.228
IT3	0.243	−0.085	0.230	CC3	0.235	−0.277	0.208	OC3	0.234	0.268	0.253
IT4	0.243	−0.185	0.096	CC4	0.240	−0.111	0.162	OC4	0.207	0.506	0.155
IT5	0.244	−0.130	0.111	CC5	0.242	−0.012	−0.300	OC5	0.205	0.441	0.230
IT6	0.241	−0.219	0.042	CC6	0.241	0.103	−0.309	OC6	0.225	0.057	−0.656

) conclude that the first component is explained by 90.4% of the individual components’ deviations, the second—5.9%. In total (total share, %), two components explain 96.3% of the total variance, indicating a high degree of factorisation.

The most significant loading of the first component is demonstrated by the following attributes: IT₁—0.245, IT₅—0.244, IT₂—0.243, IT₃—0.243, СС₅—0.242, OC₂—0.242. The positive value of the factors, which determine the principal components (Table 5), confirm the well-structured analysed data. The statistical analysis confirms the hypothesis that innovations and technologies are the most used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector (H1); organisational structure and corporate culture are the least used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector (H2). It confirms that the innovations (as element of teal organisation) are whispered among companies from energy sector. At the same time, the core issue for the companies from the energy sector is involving the workers to manage and cultivate the corporate culture. In this case, the companies from the energy sector should develop organisational structure and corporate culture in light of the concept of teal organisations.

The findings of the ANOVA test for respondents’ perceptions of teal organisations’ attributes among the countries analysed are shown in

Table 6. The findings of the ANOVA test.

Countries	Innovations and Technologies				Corporate Culture				Organisational Culture
	Mean	SD	TS	p-Value	Mean	SD	TS	p-Value	Mean	SD	TS	p-Value
Poland	4.21	1.10	27.44	0.00	3.62	0.95	24.31	0.00	3.02	0.76	17.02	0.00
Ukraine	3.45	0.57			2.96	0.46			2.52	0.38
Georgia	3.42	0.50			2.96	0.46			2.54	0.48
Slovakia	3.74	0.68			3.26	0.61			2.83	0.55
Romania	3.91	0.74			3.39	0.64			2.92	0.59
Bartlett’s test for equal variances			chi2 = 102.35 Prob > chi2 = 0.00		chi2 = 74.96 Prob > chi2 = 0.00				chi2 = 45.29 Prob > chi2 = 0.00

Note: SD—standard deviation, TS—test statistic.

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The empirical results of the ANOVA test (Table 6) showed that the p-value is 0.00 for all analysed attribute groups. This confirms the statistically significant differences between teal organisations’ attributes among the countries analysed. The findings of Bartlett’s test for equal variances are statistically significant (p-value = 0.00). The relevant statistically significant level chi2 is 102.35 for attributes innovations and technologies, 74.96 for corporate culture, and 45.29 for organisational culture. This does not support the assumption of dispersions’ homogeneity. The highest total level of teal organisations’ attributes is shown by the energy sector companies in Slovakia (1st place), Romania (2nd place), and Poland (3rd place). The lowest level is demonstrated by the non-EU members Ukraine (4th place) and Georgia (5th place). Thus, the management of the company in the energy sector should orient on core attributes of teal organisations such as developing the self-management and involving the staff to achieving of the company’s goals.

The regression analysis findings of the panel data considering the categorical independent variables (level of respondents’ perceptions of teal organisations’ attributes) is shown in

Table 7. The result of the regression analysis for testing Hypothesis H3.

Hypothesis	Coef.	Std. Err.	t-Statistic	Prob.
$TECH$	0.013	0.020	3.180	0.004 *
ICT	−0.472	0.763	−0.620	0.542
$GDP$	0.007	0.003	2.490	0.021 **
$Tea{l}_{\mathrm{Romania}}$	2.767	1.343	2.060	0.051 ***
$Tea{l}_{\mathrm{Poland}}$	4.532	2.583	1.750	0.093 ***
$Tea{l}_{\mathrm{Ukraine}}$	5.677	2.302	2.470	0.022 **
$Tea{l}_{\mathrm{Georgia}}$	1.121	1.066	1.050	0.304

*, **, ***—statistical significance is at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels; all data in logarithmic.

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The regression analysis findings confirm that $TECH$ has the highest impact on energy efficiency at a statistically significant level (p-value = 0.000). Increasing TECH by 1% leads to enhancing energy efficiency by 1.29%. The indicator ICT has a negative impact on the energy trilemma index, but it is not a significant value. The determination coefficient of the model is 61.08%. The F-ratio of 4.96 with a p-value of 0.0017 shows that the model, as a whole, fits significantly.

The regression coefficient for the first comparison variable between the first place of the categorical variable (the level of teal organisations attributes’ expression) and the second is 2.767; between 2rd and 3rd places is 4.532; 3th and 4th places is 5.677; 4th and 5th places is 1.121. These results are statistically significant, except for the 4th and 5th places. This indicates that developing innovations and effective implementation of the available achievements of Industry 4.0 and spreading the concept of teal organisation in the energy sector increases the country’s energy efficiency. As Ukraine and Georgie are going to become members of the EU, they should synchronise the relevant policies on innovative development in the energy sector not only at the macrolevel but also at the business level. It will cultivate the innovations and spread the concept of teal organisations.

5. Discussion

The results prove that innovations and technologies are the most used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector. Similar conclusions are obtained in papers [29,30,31,32,33,34]. In this case, the management of the companies that aim to transform into teal organisations should introduce available innovations into the companies’ operation. Additionally, new technologies decrease the emissions from the companies’ operation. Considering the findings for the teal organisations from the energy sector, the attributes of corporate culture and structure are less used compared to innovations and technologies. This conclusion is opposite to findings in [42,43,46,50]. The third hypothesis (teal organisations, economic development, information and innovation technologies influence the energy efficiency of the country) is confirmed. The regression analysis findings show that EU members (Poland, Romania, and Slovakia) and non-members (Ukraine and Georgia) have significantly different approaches to managing energy sectors. In this case, the EU countries have a better position on energy efficiency. Such findings correspond to the countries’ rating on the World Energy Trilemma Index [66]. Additionally, in the EU countries, the teal organisations in energy sectors are more widespread compared to those in Ukraine and Georgia. This indicates that the spread of teal organisations in the energy sector requires the government to develop the appropriate conditions for research and development, which are the basis for innovation growth as the achievements of Industry 4.0.

6. Conclusions

The rapid development of innovation and technologies, intensification of ecological issues, and reorientation to carbon-free development has caused transformations of the management paradigm at energy sector companies. It leads to the development of teal organisations with the following characteristics: evolutionary goals, self-management, wholeness. The results of the principle component analysis show that innovations and technologies are the most used attributes among teal organisations from the energy sector. It concludes that teal organisations in the energy sector actively use innovations and technologies. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the corporate culture and organisational structure, as teal organisations are based on human oriented development theory, openness, and transparency of the companies’ management. Considering the Friedman test and paired-sample ttest, the most affected factors are self-management and participation in shaping changes in the company. In this case, management of teal organisations from the energy sector should implement programs for employees’ development, change the organisational structure of the company through involving their workers in management, and share aims and goals of the company among employees. The regression analysis results show that increasing patent applications by 1% leads to increased energy efficiency of 1.29%. Additionally, implementing features of teal organisations in the energy sector improves the country’s energy efficiency, which, as a consequence, boosts carbon-free development. The acceptance of innovative model development requires solving a vast range of issues from regulation to relevant transformation at the company’s level, which should focus on implementing an evolutionary business model. Furthermore, the developing the public policy on enlarging the innovations and spreading core principals of teal organisation should be realised at all levels of the energy sector: government, region, and business. It can achieve the synergy effect from spreading the teal organisations under Industry 4.0.