Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Definitions
3. Results
3.1. MECS in Displacement Settings
3.2. Challenges of MECS Implementation
3.3. Beyond Grants’ MECS Interventions in Displacement Settings
4. Innovations in the Wider Energy Sector: Opportunities for MECS in Displacement Settings
4.1. Innovative Business Models
4.2. Innovative Financing Mechanisms
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Country | Displacement Location | Cooking Fuel/Source/Technology | Details | Funding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995–2013 | Nepal | Beldangi refugee camp | Solar parabolic cookers (combined with heat retention solutions) | Vajra Foundation Holland project with financing from the Dutch Lottery and NGO Stichting Vluchteling; 85,000 solar parabolic cookers, freely distributed to Bhutanese refugees in Nepal [35] | Grant |
2003–2004 | Kenya | Kakuma and Dadaab refugee camps | Solar parabolic cookers | UNHCR projects. 720 solar parabolic cookers in Dadaab and 130 in Kakuma, freely distributed (and complementary to the freely distributed firewood) [36] | Donor |
2005–2007 | East Sudan | Kassala state (IDPs and host community) | LPG | Kassala Women Development Association Network (KWDAN), Practical Action, UK Department for International Development (DFID) project; loans supplied by Practical Action to cover the upfront cost of LPG + revolving fund established; 1500 households [38] | Grant, followed by revenue from the established revolving fund |
2005–2017 | Ethiopia | Four refugee camps in Jijiga (Kebribeyah, Awbere, Sherkole and Sheder) | Ethanol | Gaia Association (local Ethiopian NGO), UNHCR. 8731 stoves freely distributed to refugee households [32] | Grant/donor |
2005—ongoing | Chad | Six camps hosting Sudanese refugees | Solar semi-parabolic cookers | Fair Climate Fund project (originally ran by Tchad Solaire and CORD with grant funding from Jewish World Watch and Kozon Foundation); approx. 50,000 solar cookers, freely distributed. Since 2019, project supported by Gold Standard certification of CO2 savings, resulting in carbon credits which allow for continued distribution of the cookers [33,39] | Grant, followed by carbon credits |
2008—ongoing | North Darfur, Sudan | IDPs and local residents in El Fashir (urban capital of North Darfur) | LPG | Practical Action, Carbon Clear and WDAN project (follow on to 2005-2007 Sudan project); carbon financed loans to cover the upfront cost of LPG fuel and equipment + establishment of revolving fund; over 10,900 stoves by 2016 [41] | Carbon finance and revenue from the established revolving fund |
2013–2016 | Burkina Faso | Goudoubo, Saag-Nioniogo, Mentao refugee camps | Solar parabolic cooker/cook box | UNHCR under the 3-year SAFE strategy programme; two types of solar cookers: the Devos and the Blazing Tube (BT), freely distributed (number n/d) [34,41] | Donor |
2014 | Gaza and West Bank | Rural households in Gaza | Biogas | American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA) project; 15 biodigesters freely distributed to rural households in Gaza and 13 to marginalised Bedouin families in West Bank [41] | Grant/donor |
2016–2017 | Tanzania | Nyarugusu refugee camp | LPG | UNHCR project. Pilot n = 3000 HHs received free LPG kits and two refills of 6 kg LPG per month over a 3-month period [42] | Donor |
2016—N/D | Ethiopia | Bambasi and Assosa refugee camps | Biogas | Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre and Network (HOAREC) with commercial partner (B)energy (German manufacturer of mobile biogas technology); biogas digesters or biogas backpacks sold to refugee and host community households; adopters benefit from profit from supplying biogas or effluent (fertilizer) [41] | Grant and private finance |
2017 | Jordan | Zaatari and Azraq refugee camps | LPG | LPG cylinders freely distributed to Syrian refugees as part of UNHCR’s 2017 winterization support [43] | Donor |
2018—ongoing | Bangladesh | Kutupalong and the other refugee settlements Cox’s Bazar district | LPG | UNHCR, IOM, FAO, Government. Project scaled to entire camp n = 99,103 HHs (88,385 refugee HHs and 10,718 host communities HHs); LPG kits freely distributed [44] | Donor |
2018—ongoing | Niger | Diffa region (IDPs and Nigerian refugees) | LPG | UNHCR led project in partnership with a private sector provider of LGP; UNHCR supports the initial cost of the first 6kg bottle of gas (approx. $40); 5 LPG stations and 30 LPG refill points established by the private sector; over 225,000 displaced people reached, plus over 4000 non-displaced households [45] | Donor and private finance |
2019 | Uganda | Bidibidi refugee camp | eCook (ECOCA) | Pesitho, Caritas Denmark. 50 cookstoves freely distributed to households (38 refugee and 12 host community) [46] | Grant |
2019 | Myanmar | IDPs in Kapen and Kapaungpin | eCook (ECOCA) | Pesitho, Caritas Denmark.ECOCA cookstoves freely distributed to 50 IDP households [46] | Grant |
2019—ongoing | Rwanda | Mahama refugee camp (and Mugombwa refugee camp since 2021) | LPG | Ministry of Charge of Emergency Management (MINEMA) and UNHCR Rwanda; approx. 11,000 LPG cookstoves provided by SafeGas (tendered LPG provider), freely distributed (part supported by Red Cross) with paid LPG refills from the same provider [47,48] | Donor, public and private finance |
2020 | Myanmar | Two IDP camps in Karin State | LPG | Spectrum (NGO); tendered provider of LPG; 50 IDP households [49,50] | Grant/donor |
2020–2021 | Kenya | Kakuma refugee camp and Kalobeyei settlement | Biogas | Action Africa Help International (AAHI), Water Fund and Danida; 100 biogas digestors freely distributed to farmers (refugee and host community) [51] | Grant |
2020—ongoing | South Sudan | Malakal refugee camp | Biogas | Project led by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) | N/D |
2021 | East Sudan | Um Rakuba and Tunaydbah refugee camps | Solar box cookers | UNDP; 900 solar box cookers, freely distributed to refugees in the two camps and to nearby host communities [37] | Donor |
Proposed | Kenya | Kakuma refugee camp | LPG | MEI, KNOX, proposed pilot for 5400 refugee households over 24 months using a concession with a Results-Based Financing (RBF) component [42] | Grant (concession with RBF) |
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Bisaga, I.; To, L.S. Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 4176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144176
Bisaga I, To LS. Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144176
Chicago/Turabian StyleBisaga, Iwona, and Long Seng To. 2021. "Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review" Energies 14, no. 14: 4176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144176