Energy Allocation Strategies for Common Property Load Connected to Shared Solar and Battery Storage Systems in Strata Apartments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Objective
- ➢
- Section 2 discusses electricity consumption in common areas and includes a literature review on energy allocation and distribution in multi-residential buildings.
- ➢
- Section 3 presents the methodology and analysis in detail. Initially, CP load characteristics at WGV are presented, followed by information about the shared microgrid configuration, as well as CP load consumption patterns from three apartments. Thereafter, three energy allocation strategies are explained.
- ➢
- Section 4 presents the results post implementation of the three strategies.
- ➢
- Lastly, Section 5 concludes the paper, highlighting major findings and recommendations for future research.
2. Electricity Consumption in Common Areas
Energy Allocation and Distribution in Multi-Residential Buildings
3. Methodology and Analysis
3.1. Common Property Loads at WGV
3.2. Shared Microgrid Configurations
3.3. CP Load Patterns
3.4. Energy Allocation Strategies
3.4.1. Instantaneous Consumption
3.4.2. Surplus Allocation
3.4.3. Consumption Based Allocation
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Instantaneous Consumption
4.2. Comparison of Strategies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Δ | Delta difference output between two intervals |
Cumulative value of current interval | |
Cumulative value of previous interval | |
Excess energy after supplying CP load in SA | |
CP load demand covered for individual apartment | |
The CP load consumption split proportionally between numbers of apartments in CA | |
Renewable generation | |
Renewable generation capacity allocated to each apartment unit | |
Energy consumption of apartment | |
CP energy consumption | |
Surplus remainder after subtracting apartment load from renewable generation in SA strategy | |
The surplus available after utilization of allocated energy | |
AC | Alternating Current |
BESS | Battery Energy Storage System |
CA | Consumption based Allocation |
Cost CA | associated costs from CA strategy |
Cost IC | associated costs from IC strategy |
Cost SA | associated costs from SA strategy |
CP | Common Property |
DC | Direct Current |
DRES | Distributed Renewable Energy System |
Excess-CA | excess energy obtained from CA strategy |
Excess-IC | excess energy obtained from IC strategy |
Excess-SA | excess energy obtained from SA strategy |
GW | Gigawatts |
IC | Instantaneous Consumption |
kWh | kilowatt-hours |
OC | Owner Corporation |
PV | Photovoltaics |
SA | Surplus Allocation |
SWIS | South West Interconnected System |
WGV | White Gum Valley |
Appendix A
Months | Actual Load (kWh) | Grid Usage-IC (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-SA (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-CA (kWh) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec | 979.58 | 59.15 | 93.97 | 19.98 | 97.97 | 167.89 | 97.97 |
Jan | 1040.02 | 58.29 | 94.4 | 17 | 98.37 | 167.91 | 98.37 |
Feb | 1003.95 | 198.87 | 80.2 | 61.43 | 93.89 | 219.87 | 93.89 |
Mar | 1036.58 | 172.5 | 83.36 | 63.38 | 93.89 | 230.67 | 93.89 |
Apr | 806.2 | 188.08 | 76.68 | 74.4 | 90.78 | 197.25 | 90.78 |
May | 629.16 | 223.18 | 64.53 | 90.26 | 85.66 | 194.28 | 85.66 |
Jun | 473.43 | 347.61 | 26.58 | 88.72 | 81.27 | 156.4 | 81.27 |
Jul | 617.97 | 341.93 | 44.67 | 96.98 | 84.31 | 193.06 | 84.31 |
Aug | 694.69 | 389.07 | 44 | 83.23 | 88.03 | 198.35 | 88.03 |
Months | Excess-IC (kWh) | Excess-CA (kWh) | Excess-SA (kWh) | Cost IC ($) | Cost SA ($) | Cost CA ($) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec | 1192.09 | 1892.14 | 1168.32 | 178.82 | 175.25 | 283.83 |
Jan | 1305.68 | 1947.34 | 1274.92 | 195.86 | 191.24 | 292.11 |
Feb | 620.81 | 1236.24 | 585.6 | 93.13 | 87.84 | 185.44 |
Mar | 509.02 | 1198.1 | 463.98 | 76.36 | 69.6 | 179.72 |
Apr | 166.07 | 860.65 | 131.19 | 24.91 | 19.68 | 129.1 |
May | 45.53 | 710.36 | 16.34 | 6.83 | 2.46 | 106.56 |
Jun | 29.36 | 567.85 | 4 | 4.41 | 0.6 | 85.18 |
Jul | 62.32 | 709.68 | 33.26 | 9.35 | 4.99 | 106.46 |
Aug | 181.08 | 983.95 | 149.74 | 27.17 | 22.47 | 147.6 |
Months | Actual Load (kWh) | Grid Usage-IC (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-CA (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-SA (kWh) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | 73.15 | 3.72 | 94.93 | 25.42 | 65.25 | 23.96 | 67.25 |
Feb | 66.61 | 5.7 | 91.46 | 12.09 | 81.86 | 10.91 | 83.64 |
Mar | 70.46 | 9.75 | 86.17 | 20.83 | 70.45 | 7.37 | 89.55 |
Apr | 67.86 | 16.67 | 75.44 | 20.75 | 69.43 | 8.57 | 87.39 |
May | 70.7 | 33.62 | 52.45 | 25.39 | 64.1 | 13.7 | 80.63 |
Jun | 68.37 | 39.71 | 41.93 | 31.68 | 53.67 | 25.01 | 63.43 |
Jul | 71.02 | 39.45 | 44.46 | 28.25 | 60.23 | 16.67 | 76.53 |
Aug | 70.62 | 30.97 | 56.15 | 25.02 | 64.58 | 12.2 | 82.74 |
Sep | 63.27 | 19.33 | 69.46 | 9.79 | 84.54 | 4.12 | 93.51 |
Oct | 63.21 | 13.04 | 79.38 | 17.14 | 72.89 | 5.36 | 91.53 |
Nov | 69.18 | 7.14 | 89.69 | 10.01 | 85.55 | 2.51 | 96.38 |
Dec | 53.24 | 0.8 | 98.5 | 14.22 | 73.3 | 7 | 86.86 |
Months | Excess-IC (kWh) | Excess-CA (kWh) | Excess-SA (kWh) | Cost IC ($) | Cost SA ($) | Cost CA ($) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | 339.7 | 1067.31 | 348.24 | 152.87 | 156.71 | 160.1 |
Feb | 201.28 | 618.58 | 198.81 | 90.58 | 89.47 | 92.79 |
Mar | 237.53 | 775.19 | 236.93 | 106.89 | 106.62 | 116.28 |
Apr | 160.7 | 575.45 | 159.99 | 72.32 | 72 | 86.32 |
May | 102.76 | 508.55 | 102.27 | 46.25 | 46.02 | 76.29 |
Jun | 31.56 | 270.94 | 28.77 | 14.2 | 12.95 | 40.64 |
Jul | 62.77 | 440.06 | 62.23 | 28.25 | 28 | 66.01 |
Aug | 114.96 | 548.04 | 114.19 | 51.73 | 51.39 | 82.21 |
Sep | 109.46 | 389.69 | 109.24 | 49.26 | 49.16 | 58.46 |
Oct | 312.8 | 1046.13 | 312.37 | 140.76 | 140.57 | 156.92 |
Nov | 243.54 | 769.73 | 242.96 | 109.6 | 109.33 | 115.46 |
Dec | 345.02 | 1076.6 | 348.24 | 155.26 | 156.71 | 161.49 |
Months | Actual Load (kWh) | Grid Usage-CA (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-IC (kWh) | Reduction (%) | Grid Usage-SA (kWh) | Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec | 236.43 | 160.53 | 32.11 | 165.83 | 29.87 | 190.99 | 19.23 |
Jan | 268.89 | 188.55 | 29.88 | 186.18 | 30.77 | 214.8 | 20.12 |
Feb | 267.72 | 183.6 | 31.42 | 168.48 | 37.07 | 215.69 | 19.44 |
Mar | 307.72 | 224.33 | 27.1 | 205.96 | 33.07 | 263.11 | 14.5 |
Apr | 314.92 | 305.78 | 2.91 | 241.54 | 23.31 | 308.47 | 2.05 |
May | 340.41 | 332.36 | 2.37 | 272.35 | 20 | 334.71 | 1.68 |
Jun | 338.46 | 331.53 | 2.05 | 282.89 | 16.42 | 334.63 | 1.14 |
Jul | 328.73 | 295.28 | 10.18 | 268.56 | 18.31 | 292.17 | 11.13 |
Aug | 321.38 | 314.25 | 2.22 | 271.59 | 15.5 | 317.08 | 1.34 |
Months | Excess-IC (kWh) | Excess-CA (kWh) | Excess-SA (kWh) | Cost IC ($) | Cost SA ($) | Cost CA ($) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec | 228.37 | 327.81 | 175.62 | 34.26 | 26.35 | 49.18 |
Jan | 221.41 | 350.99 | 193.06 | 33.22 | 28.96 | 52.65 |
Feb | 233.24 | 407.83 | 279.92 | 34.99 | 41.99 | 61.18 |
Mar | 254.91 | 398.69 | 242.37 | 38.24 | 36.36 | 59.81 |
Apr | 206.72 | 306.41 | 148.47 | 31.01 | 22.27 | 45.97 |
May | 184.42 | 302.15 | 155.05 | 27.67 | 23.26 | 45.33 |
Jun | 124.23 | 236.51 | 100.6 | 18.64 | 15.09 | 35.48 |
Jul | 118.48 | 267.42 | 100.27 | 17.78 | 15.04 | 40.12 |
Aug | 167.11 | 308.43 | 141.81 | 25.07 | 21.28 | 46.27 |
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Site | Storeys + Units | Type of CP Loads | Renewable Size | Configuration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Evermore | 3 + 24 | Walkway, entrance and car park lights, electric gate opener and sensor, ventilation fan and air conditioner for battery room. | 54.6 kWp, 150 kWh Lithium-ion | AC-coupled |
Gen Y | 2 + 3 | Walkway lights, entry sensor lights, rainwater pump | 9 kWp, 10 kWh Lithium-ion | AC-coupled |
SHAC | 3 + 14 | Carpark lights, switchboard room electricity, ventilation fan for battery room. | 19.6 kWp, 40 kWh Lithium-ion | DC-coupled |
Site | Total Load (kWh) | Common Property Load (kWh) | CP-Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Evermore | 67,936.188 | 6071.057145 | 8.93 |
Gen Y | 5452.007 | 878.793 | 16.11 |
SHAC | 108,154.9 | 5977.335 | 5.52 |
Title | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|
Instantaneous Consumption (IC) | Useful in a shared setup where consumers and strata body agree to earn benefits from the shared PV-BESS based on individuals’ electricity usage. | Renewable energy is not allocated therefore consumers are not conscious about their energy consumption. |
A particular unit or common area may utilize maximum renewable energy in case other apartment units are not consuming. | Energy fraction distribution depends entirely on individual unit’s consumption. | |
Excess PV energy is exported to the grid. | ||
Individual cost benefits are not explicitly discerned as exported energy is unallocated. | ||
Surplus Allocation (SA) | CP load can be supplied from renewable surplus remained after apartments’ utilization. | Dependent on apartment load consumption. If renewable generation is equal or less than total apartment load, CP load will be supplied by grid. |
CP may utilize maximum renewable energy in case apartment units are not consuming. | Individual cost benefits are not explicitly discerned as exported energy is unallocated. | |
Can achieve high grid usage reduction at sites where ample excess generation is available. | ||
Consumption Based Allocation (CA) | A uniform portion of renewable generation is allocated to each apartment unit along with proportionate consumption of CP load allocated to all apartments. | Fixed allocated portion of renewable energy. If allocated energy portion runs out, then CP load imports grid electricity. |
An allocated share of renewable means consumers will remain conscious of their energy consumption. | ||
Possibility of peer-to-peer trading between consumers and monetary benefits in case a particular unit consumes less than allocated portion. | ||
Can aggregate high excess energy and cost benefits as compare to other two strategies. |
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Syed, M.M.; Morrison, G.M.; Darbyshire, J. Energy Allocation Strategies for Common Property Load Connected to Shared Solar and Battery Storage Systems in Strata Apartments. Energies 2020, 13, 6137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226137
Syed MM, Morrison GM, Darbyshire J. Energy Allocation Strategies for Common Property Load Connected to Shared Solar and Battery Storage Systems in Strata Apartments. Energies. 2020; 13(22):6137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226137
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed, Moiz Masood, Gregory M. Morrison, and James Darbyshire. 2020. "Energy Allocation Strategies for Common Property Load Connected to Shared Solar and Battery Storage Systems in Strata Apartments" Energies 13, no. 22: 6137. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226137