Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Combustion
2.2. Gas Turbine Cycle
3. Results
3.1. Numerical Analyses—Combustion
3.2. Numerical Analyses—Gas Turbine Cycle
3.3. Inlet Parameters Range Determination
3.3.1. Compressor Pressure Ratio
3.3.2. Compressor Polytropic Efficiency
3.3.3. Combustion Chamber Pressure Ratio
3.3.4. Combustion Chamber Efficiency
3.3.5. Steam/Fuel Ratio
3.3.6. Gas Turbine Polytropic Efficiency
3.3.7. Mechanical Efficiency
3.3.8. Cooling Air Ratio
3.4. Super-Efficient Gas Turbine Ammonia/Hydrogen Cycle
4. Conclusions
- High production of NOx and reactivity of ammonia occur at the central recirculation zone of the primary flame. However, the large pools of OH, H, O and N-based radicals are not entirely consumed in this region.
- Further recombination of these species with the already formed NOx and N2O species bring down the concentration of pollutant emissions at the end of the combustion chamber. An atmosphere comprised of 99.2% clean products (N2, H2O and H2) is obtained. However, it is clear that further use of ammonia (at 0.6% vol. concentration) can be accomplished using other post combustion techniques.
- The requirement of high-pressure ratios and low mechanical losses will increase power, thus making feasible the use of ammonia-based blends to produce power efficiently. Similarly, and as expected, the compressor polytropic efficiency and combustion efficiency also have a considerable impact on the final power output of the cycle.
- Also, it was observed that steam/fuel injection ratios were not critical for the improvement of efficiency or power, as the amount of steam is relatively small. Thus, further studies using humidified ammonia blends should focus on the chemistry and mitigation of NOx and emissions rather than the potential of this technique to raise efficiency or power outputs. Although the steam/fuel injection ratio is relatively low for conventional humidification purposes, the parameter produces limited impact to the process as a consequence of the high humidification increased caused by decomposition of ammonia (39.9% water concentration).
- Strong impacts were observed with an increase of the cooling air mass flow above 3.5%, with a decrease of the outlet power and overall efficiency up to 0.3% using cooling air mass flow values of 5%.
- Theoretical superefficient ammonia/hydrogen cycles could be obtained with the application of improved inlet parameters values (i.e., compressor, combustor, turbine and cooling), reaching theoretical maximum cycle efficiencies up to 43.4%. Thus, making highly competitive these cycles to fossil-based systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Ratio of the mass flowrate of the fuel and the air at the combustion chamber inlet (-) | T | temperature (K) | |
cp CRN CRZ | Heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/kgK) Chemical Reaction Network Central Recirculation Zone | To | the inlet compressor temperature (K) |
is the combustion chamber inlet steam enthalpy (kJ/kg) | T2 | the outlet compressor temperature (K) | |
is enthalpy of steam at the combustion chamber outlet (kJ/kg) | combustion products temperature at the turbine inlet (K) | ||
hfuel | specific enthalpy of fuel at combustion chamber inlet (kJ/kg) | combustion products temperature at the end of the expansion (K) | |
specific work of compression (kJ/kg) | the efficiency of a combustion chamber (-) | ||
plant specific work (kJ/kg) | the efficiency of a plant (-) | ||
LHV | the lower heating value (kJ/kg) | the mechanical efficiency (-) | |
overall specific work of the expansion of the combustion products and cooling air mixture (kJ/kg) | is the polytropic efficiency of a compressor (-) | ||
combustion products mass flow (kg/s) | is the polytropic efficiency of a turbine (-) | ||
fuel mass flow at the combustion chamber inlet (kg/s) | the compressor pressure ratio (-) | ||
air mass flow at the compressor inlet (kg/s) | is the cooling air distribution factor (-) | ||
air mass flow at the combustion chamber inlet (kg/s) | is the amount of the amount of fuel added (kJ/kg) | ||
is the cooling air distribution factor (-) | α | is the ratio of the vapour mass flow and fuel mass flow at the combustion chamber inlet (-) | |
p PSR PFR | pressure (Pa) Perfectly Stirred Reactor Plug Flow Reactor | air mass flow for sealing relative to air mass flow at the compressor inlet (-) | |
R | the universal gas constant (J/(mol.K)) | average relative error (%) | |
cooling air mass flow specified to compressor inlet mass flow (-) |
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Parameter | Symbol | Value | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Ambient pressure | po | 0.1 | MPa |
Ambient temperature | T0 | 288 | K |
Air mass flow for sealing relative to air mass flow at the compressor inlet | z | 0.01 | - |
Compressor pressure ratio | Πc | 10.2 | - |
Polytropic efficiency of a compressor | ηp C | 0.8 | - |
Combustion chamber pressure ratio | ΠCC | 0.97 | - |
Efficiency of a combustion chamber | ηCC | 0.9 | - |
Gas turbine inlet temperature | T3 | 1260 | K |
Polytropic efficiency of a turbine | ηp T | 0.85 | - |
Mechanical efficiency | ηm | 0.9 | - |
Cooling air mass flow specified to compressor inlet mass flow | rair | 0.035 | kg/kg |
Cooling air distribution factor | M | 0.667 | - |
Ratio of the vapour mass flow and fuel mass flow at the combustion chamber inlet | α | 0.4 | - |
Air mass flow rate at the compressor inlet | m1 | 5.92 | kg/s |
Air mass flow rate at the compressor outlet (combustion chamber inlet) | m2 | 5.65 | kg/s |
Air mass flow rate for cooling gas turbine blades | mair | 0.21 | kg/s |
Fuel mass flow rate | mfuel | 0.37 | kg/s |
Steam mass flow rate (1.1 MPa, 459 K) | msteam | 0.15 | kg/s |
Combustion products mass flow rate at the turbine inlet | m3 | 6.16 | kg/s |
Combustion products mass flow rate at the turbine outlet | m4 | 6.43 | kg/s |
Inlet Parameter | Value | ηPGT (%) | Pout (MWe) | HR (kJ/kWh) | T4 (K) | Optimal Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressor Pressure Ratio | 9.00 | 32.52 | 3.47 | 11.07 | 848.37 | (8.5–11.5) |
11.50 | 35.52 | 3.63 | 10.14 | 808.34 | ||
Compressor Polytropic Efficiency | 0.76 | 33.30 | 3.41 | 10.81 | 829.73 | (76–86%) |
0.86 | 35.01 | 3.74 | 10.28 | 824.61 | ||
Combustion Chamber Pressure Ratio | 0.89 | 32.55 | 3.40 | 11.06 | 842.53 | (89–100%) |
1.00 | 34.58 | 3.61 | 10.41 | 822.34 | ||
Combustion Chamber Efficiency | 0.87 | 32.76 | 3.56 | 10.99 | 827.56 | (87–94%) |
0.94 | 35.81 | 3.56 | 10.05 | 827.56 | ||
Steam/Fuel Ratio | 0.00 | 33.48 | 3.45 | 10.75 | 807.78 | (0.0–0.7) |
0.70 | 34.54 | 3.63 | 10.42 | 841.72 | ||
Gas Turbine Polytropic Efficiency | 0.82 | 32.40 | 3.38 | 11.11 | 843.99 | (82–89%) |
0.89 | 35.67 | 3.73 | 10.09 | 811.50 | ||
Mechanical Efficiency | 0.90 | 34.06 | 3.56 | 10.6 | 828 | (90–94%) |
0.94 | 35.57 | 3.72 | 10.12 | 827.56 | ||
Cooling Air Ratio | 0.00 | 34.26 | 3.58 | 10.51 | 833.84 | (0.00–0.05) |
0.05 | 33.96 | 3.55 | 10.60 | 824.79 |
Parameter | Symbol | Value | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Ambient pressure | po | 0.1 | MPa |
Ambient temperature | T0 | 288 | K |
Air mass flow for sealing relative to air mass flow at the compressor inlet | z | 0.01 | - |
Compressor pressure ratio | Πc | 11.5 | - |
Polytropic efficiency of a compressor | ηp C | 0.86 | - |
Combustion chamber pressure ratio | ΠCC | 0.99 | - |
Efficiency of a combustion chamber | ηCC | 0.94 | - |
Gas turbine inlet temperature | T3 | 1280 | K |
Polytropic efficiency of a turbine | ηp T | 0.89 | - |
Mechanical efficiency | ηm | 0.95 | - |
Cooling air mass flow specified to compressor inlet mass flow | rair | 0.035 | kg/kg |
Cooling air distribution factor | M | 0.667 | - |
Ratio of the vapour mass flow and fuel mass flow at the combustion chamber inlet | α | 0.70 | - |
Air mass flow rate at the compressor inlet | m1 | 5.92 | kg/s |
Air mass flow rate at the compressor outlet (combustion chamber inlet) | m2 | 5.65 | kg/s |
Air mass flow rate for cooling gas turbine blades | mair | 0.21 | kg/s |
Fuel mass flow rate | mfuel | 0.37 | kg/s |
Steam mass flow rate | msteam | 0.26 | kg/s |
Combustion products mass flow rate at the turbine inlet | m3 | 6.27 | kg/s |
Combustion products mass flow rate at the turbine outlet | m4 | 6.54 | kg/s |
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Božo, M.G.; Valera-Medina, A. Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels. Energies 2020, 13, 5749. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215749
Božo MG, Valera-Medina A. Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels. Energies. 2020; 13(21):5749. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215749
Chicago/Turabian StyleBožo, Milana Guteša, and Agustin Valera-Medina. 2020. "Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels" Energies 13, no. 21: 5749. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215749