Rapid Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells through Optimal Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Tests
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, 20156 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2020, 13(14), 3643; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143643
Received: 3 June 2020 / Revised: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 / Published: 15 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Systems)
The present paper is focused on proposing and implementing a methodology for robust and rapid diagnosis of PEM fuel cells’ faults using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Accordingly, EIS tests have been first conducted on four identical fresh PEM fuel cells along with an aged PEMFC at different current density levels and operating conditions. A label, which represents the presence of a type of fault (flooding or dehydration) or the regular operation, is then assigned to each test based on the expert knowledge employing the cell’s spectrum on the Nyquist plot. Since the time required to generate the spectrum should be minimized and considering the notable difference in the time needed for carrying out EIS tests at different frequency ranges, the frequencies have been categorized into four clusters (based on the corresponding order of magnitude: >1 kHz, >100 Hz, >10 Hz, >1 Hz). Next, for each frequency cluster and each specific current density, while utilizing a classification algorithm, a feature selection procedure is implemented in order to find the combination of EIS frequencies utilizing which results in the highest fault diagnosis accuracy and requires the lowest EIS testing time. For the case of fresh cells, employing the cluster of frequencies with Hz, an accuracy of is obtained, whereas once the EIS tests from degraded cells are added to the dataset, the achieved accuracy is reduced to . It is also demonstrated that, while utilizing the selected pipelines, the required time for conducting the EIS test is less than one second, an advantage that facilitates real-time in-operando diagnosis of water management issues.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
PEM fuel cells; fault diagnosis; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; machine learning; feature selection
▼
Show Figures
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Najafi, B.; Bonomi, P.; Casalegno, A.; Rinaldi, F.; Baricci, A. Rapid Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells through Optimal Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Tests. Energies 2020, 13, 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143643
AMA Style
Najafi B, Bonomi P, Casalegno A, Rinaldi F, Baricci A. Rapid Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells through Optimal Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Tests. Energies. 2020; 13(14):3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143643
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajafi, Behzad; Bonomi, Paolo; Casalegno, Andrea; Rinaldi, Fabio; Baricci, Andrea. 2020. "Rapid Fault Diagnosis of PEM Fuel Cells through Optimal Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Tests" Energies 13, no. 14: 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143643
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
Search more from Scilit