Life Cycle Assessment of Building Renovation Measures–Trade-off between Building Materials and Energy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Assess renovation strategies comprising energy efficiency measures for a relatively high standard multi-family house in the Nordic climate, in a low-carbon DH system, where demand for space heating during the cold winter is substantial.
- Include environmental impact for both building construction materials used for renovation and operational energy savings.
- Apply a life cycle analysis in accordance with the CEN standard and discuss methodological implications.
2. Methods
2.1. Objectives
2.1.1. Goal
- Investigate how different renovation strategies affect the life cycle environmental impact with respect to materials and operational energy use.
- Identify and discuss how the different life cycle stages contribute to the total environmental impact for these renovation strategies.
2.1.2. Functional Unit
2.1.3. System Boundaries
2.2. Scenarios
2.3. Life Cycle Inventory
2.3.1. Material Use
2.3.2. Energy Use
2.4. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. About the Results
4.2. About the Methodology
4.2.1. Uncertainty
4.2.2. Time Perspectives
4.2.3. Type of LCA
4.2.4. Applicability
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Building Part | As Built | DEERS | BEnS | HRV22.7 | HRV21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Walls | 120 mm mineral wool insulation | 480 mm mineral wool insulation | 480 mm mineral wool insulation | As Built | As Built |
Unheated Attic | 150 mm mineral wool insulation | 300 mm mineral wool insulation | 300 mm mineral wool insulation | As Built | As Built |
Windows | Double casement | 3 glass argon filled low emissivity pane | 3 glass argon filled low emissivity pane | As Built | As Built |
Ventilation system | Mechanical | Heat Recovery | Mechanical | Heat Recovery | Heat Recovery |
Indoor temperature | 22.7 °C | 21 °C | 22.7 °C | 22.7 °C | 21 °C |
Resource | Quantity | Unit | Service Life | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ventilation exhaust unit | 3 | pcs | 25 years | France |
Resource | Quantity | Unit | Service Life | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry mortar | 71,800 | kg | As building | Norway |
Gypsum plasterboard | 1198 | m2 | As building | Norway |
Mineral wool. Insulation | 1198 | m2 | As building | Denmark |
Radon and moisture membrane 1,2 MM | 1198 | m2 | 30 years | Norway |
Calcium silicate block 115 MM | 1198 | m2m | As building | Germany |
Min. wool insul. for pitched roof 300 MM | 971 | m2 | As building | Denmark |
Triple glazed windows, wood-alum. frame | 298 | m2 | 40 years | Norway |
Heating system | 2822 | m2 | As building | Finland |
Ventilation system | 2822 | m2 | 30 years | Finland |
Heat Recovery Ventilation unit | 1 | pcs | 25 years | Germany |
Resource | Quantity | Unit | Service Life | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry mortar | 71,800 | kg | As building | Norway |
Gypsum plasterboard | 1198 | m2 | As building | Norway |
Mineral wool insulation | 1198 | m2 | As building | Denmark |
Radon and moisture membrane, 1,2 MM | 1198 | m2 | 30 years | Norway |
Calcium silicate block 115 MM | 1198 | m2 | As building | Germany |
Min. wool insul. for pitched roof 300 MM | 971 | m2 | As building | Denmark |
Triple glazed windows, wood-alum. frame | 298 | m2 | 40 years | Norway |
Heating system | 2822 | m2 | As building | Finland |
Ventilation system | 2822 | m2 | As building | Finland |
Ventilation exhaust unit | 3 | pcs | 25 years | France |
Resource | Quantity | Unit | Service Life | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heating system | 2822 | m2 | As building | Finland |
Ventilation system | 2822 | m2 | 30 years | Finland |
Heat Recovery Ventilation unit | 1 | pcs | 25 years | Germany |
Fuel Use (%) | Borlänge Energi | Göteborg Energi |
---|---|---|
Recycled energy | 67 | 70.4 |
Industrial Excess Heat | 20 | 29.7 |
Flue Gas Condensing | 1.6 | 11.1 |
Heat from Heat Pumps (Netto) | 0.5 | 5.7 |
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration | 44.3 | 23.9 |
Blast Furnace Gas | 0.6 | 0 |
Renewable energy | 30.7 | 9.9 |
Pellets, Brickets and powder | 0 | 1.3 |
Secondary biofuels | 28.6 | 4.3 |
Bio oil and tall oil pitch | 0 | 0.2 |
Renewable electricity | 2.1 | 4.2 |
Others | 1.2 | 2 |
Hot water from other companies, renewables and recycled energy | 1.2 | 2 |
Fossil energy | 1.1 | 17.7 |
Oil | 1.1 | 0.2 |
Natural Gas | 0 | 17.5 |
GHG Emissions (G CO2eq/kWh) | Borlänge Energi | Göteborg Energi |
---|---|---|
Total Emissions | 66 | 79 |
Combustion | 62 | 69 |
Fuel transport and production | 4 | 10 |
Indicators | As Built | DEERS | BEnS | HRV 22.7 | HRV 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DH use (KWH/M2) | 141 | 81 | 105 | 120 | 100 |
Electricity use (KWH/M2) | 11 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 |
DH use reduction (%) | 43 | 26 | 16 | 29 | |
Electricity use reduction (%) | 45 | 45 | 18 | 18 | |
Heating demand (W/M2) | 115 | 49 | 72 | 88 | 77 |
Heating demand reduction % | 57 | 37 | 24 | 33 |
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Ramírez-Villegas, R.; Eriksson, O.; Olofsson, T. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Renovation Measures–Trade-off between Building Materials and Energy. Energies 2019, 12, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030344
Ramírez-Villegas R, Eriksson O, Olofsson T. Life Cycle Assessment of Building Renovation Measures–Trade-off between Building Materials and Energy. Energies. 2019; 12(3):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030344
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Villegas, Ricardo, Ola Eriksson, and Thomas Olofsson. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of Building Renovation Measures–Trade-off between Building Materials and Energy" Energies 12, no. 3: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030344