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Energies
Volume 12
Issue 2
10.3390/en12020230
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Article

Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil

by
Veronica Winoto
and
Nuttawan Yoswathana
*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2019, 12(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020230
Submission received: 20 November 2018 / Revised: 7 January 2019 / Accepted: 9 January 2019 / Published: 12 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Processing for Biofuels, Bioenergy and Chemicals)
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Abstract

The molar ratio of methanol to rubber seed oil (RSO), catalyst loading, and the reaction time of RSO biodiesel production were optimized in this work. The response surface methodology, using the Box–Behnken design, was analyzed to determine the optimum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. The performance of various nanomagnetic CaO-based catalysts—KF/CaO-Fe3O4, KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Li (Li additives), and KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al (Al additives)—were compared. Rubber seed biodiesel was produced via the transesterification process under subcritical methanol conditions with nanomagnetic catalysts. The experimental results indicated that the KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al nanomagnetic catalyst produced the highest FAME yield of 86.79%. The optimum conditions were a 28:1 molar ratio of methanol to RSO, 1.5 wt % catalyst, and 49 min reaction time. Al additives of KF/CaO-Fe3O4 nanomagnetic catalyst enhanced FAME yield without Al up to 18.17% and shortened the reaction time by up to 11 min.
Keywords: rubber seed oil; biodiesel production; nanomagnetic catalyst; subcritical methanol; FAME yield; Box-Behnken design rubber seed oil; biodiesel production; nanomagnetic catalyst; subcritical methanol; FAME yield; Box-Behnken design

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MDPI and ACS Style

Winoto, V.; Yoswathana, N. Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil. Energies 2019, 12, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020230

AMA Style

Winoto V, Yoswathana N. Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil. Energies. 2019; 12(2):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020230

Chicago/Turabian Style

Winoto, Veronica, and Nuttawan Yoswathana. 2019. "Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil" Energies 12, no. 2: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020230

APA Style

Winoto, V., & Yoswathana, N. (2019). Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil. Energies, 12(2), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020230

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