On Wind Turbine Loads During Thunderstorm Downbursts in Contrasting Atmospheric Stability Regimes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Large-Eddy Simulations of Downburst Winds
2.2. Aeroelastic Simulations of a Single Wind Turbine
2.3. Turbine-Scale Inflow Generation
3. Characteristics of Downburst Winds
3.1. Wind Structure of the Downburst
3.2. Effect of Atmospheric Stability on Turbine-Scale Wind Fields
3.3. Effect of Location of Cooling Source and ET Ambient Turbulence
4. Assessment of Wind Turbine Loads
4.1. Effect of Wind Velocity Field and Turbine Control System
4.2. Effect of Atmospheric Stability
4.3. Effect of Cooling Source Location and Turbine Position
4.4. Scenarios of Extreme Loads
4.5. Wind Velocities and Extreme Loads
4.6. Statistical Analysis of Fatigue and Extreme Loads
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties and Dimensions | Values |
---|---|
Power rating | 5 MW |
Rotor type | Upwind/ 3-bladed |
Rotor diameter | 126 m |
Hub height | 90 m |
Cut-in, rated, cut-out speed | 3, 11.4, 25 m/s |
rated rotor speed | 12.1 rpm |
Rotor mass | 110,000 kg |
Nacelle mass | 240,000 kg |
Tower mass | 347,460 kg |
No. | Stability | Downburst Initial Location |
---|---|---|
1 | C1 | 0x0y |
2 | C1 | 5x0y |
3 | C1 | 0x5y |
4 | C1 | 5x5y |
5 | C2 | 0x0y |
6 | C2 | 5x0y |
7 | C2 | 0x5y |
8 | C2 | 5x5y |
9 (control) | N | 0x0y |
10 | N | 5x0y |
11 | N | 0x5y |
12 | N | 5x5y |
13 | S1 | 0x0y |
14 | S1 | 5x0y |
15 | S1 | 0x5y |
16 | S1 | 5x5y |
17 | S2 | 0x0y |
18 | S2 | 5x0y |
19 | S2 | 0x5y |
20 | S2 | 5x5y |
Wind Speed | Wind Ramp Rate | Wind Dir. | Wind Dir. Chg. | Yaw | OoPBM | OoPBM | TTYM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max. (m/s) | Max. (m/s) | Change (deg) | Rate (deg/s) | Control? | ExL (MN-m) | EFL (MN-m) | ExL (MN-m) | |
Case 3b | 55.0 | 1.0 | 110.0 | 1.2 | Yes | 22.5 | / | 26.8 |
Nguyen et al. [10] | ||||||||
Case 2 | ~32.0 | / | ~63.0 | / | Yes | 12.3 | 6.9 | / |
Nguyen and Manuel [13] | ||||||||
Present Study | 28.8 | 1.6 | 21.3 | 4.8 | Yes | 11.7 | 8.1 | 6.6 |
C1-0x0y-X1 |
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Lu, N.-Y.; Hawbecker, P.; Basu, S.; Manuel, L. On Wind Turbine Loads During Thunderstorm Downbursts in Contrasting Atmospheric Stability Regimes. Energies 2019, 12, 2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142773
Lu N-Y, Hawbecker P, Basu S, Manuel L. On Wind Turbine Loads During Thunderstorm Downbursts in Contrasting Atmospheric Stability Regimes. Energies. 2019; 12(14):2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142773
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Nan-You, Patrick Hawbecker, Sukanta Basu, and Lance Manuel. 2019. "On Wind Turbine Loads During Thunderstorm Downbursts in Contrasting Atmospheric Stability Regimes" Energies 12, no. 14: 2773. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142773