Sequential Production of Lignin, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biogas from Spent Coffee Grounds via an Integrated Physicochemical and Biological Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock
2.2. Organosolv Pretreatment
2.3. Recovery of Lignin and Esterified Lipid
2.4. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
2.5. Lignin Characterization and FAME Quantification
2.6. Biochemical Methane Potential Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Feedstock Characterization
3.2. Effects of Treatment Conditions and Optimization
3.3. Structural Characterization of Lignin and FAME
3.4. Digestibility of SCG Residues in a Batch Anaerobic Digester
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Independent Variables | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(X1) Reaction Temperature (°C) | (X2) Concentration of Sulfuric Acid (%v/v) | (X3) Ratio of Methanol to Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) (mL/g) | ||
+Alpha | +1.68 | 203.9 | 6.4 | 4.7 |
Max | +1 | 180.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
Central level | 0 | 145.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Min | −1 | 110.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
−Alpha | −1.68 | 86.1 | 0 | 1.3 |
Serial Number | Independent Variables | Dependent Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reaction Temperature (°C) | Concentration of Sulfuric Acid (%v/v) | Ratio of Methanol to SCG (mL/g) | Recovery of Lignin (%) | Recovery of FAME (%) | ||||
X1 | X2 | X3 | Y1 | Y2 | ||||
1 | 110.0 | −1 | 1.0 | −1 | 2.0 | −1 | 38.18 | 4.76 |
2 | 180.0 | 1 | 1.0 | −1 | 2.0 | −1 | 29.01 | 40.46 |
3 | 110.0 | −1 | 5.0 | 1 | 2.0 | −1 | 60.47 | 19.66 |
4 | 180.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 2.0 | −1 | 45.51 | 41.27 |
5 | 110.0 | −1 | 1.0 | −1 | 4.0 | 1 | 28.71 | 13.52 |
6 | 180.0 | 1 | 1.0 | −1 | 4.0 | 1 | 34.21 | 39.34 |
7 | 110.0 | −1 | 5.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 1 | 62.30 | 40.46 |
8 | 180.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 1 | 46.42 | 53.40 |
9 | 86.1 | −1.68 | 3.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 38.48 | 4.03 |
10 | 203.9 | 1.68 | 3.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 56.20 | 23.15 |
11 | 145.0 | 0 | 0.0 | −1.68 | 3.0 | 0 | 4.89 | 0.60 |
12 | 145.0 | 0 | 6.4 | 1.68 | 3.0 | 0 | 50.39 | 23.88 |
13 | 145.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 1.3 | −1.68 | 61.08 | 24.28 |
14 | 145.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 4.7 | 1.68 | 59.25 | 51.04 |
15 | 145.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 51.31 | 55.46 |
16 | 145.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 52.22 | 53.89 |
Regression | Source | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean of Square | F-Value | Prob > F | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | Model | 2921.48 | 2 | 1460.74 | 28.64 | <0.001 | Significant |
X2 | 1901.08 | 1 | 1902.95 | 37.30 | <0.001 | Significant | |
X22 | 1020.40 | 1 | 1020.40 | 20.00 | 0.001 | Significant | |
Residual | 663.14 | 13 | 51.01 | ||||
Lack of fit | 32.74 | 2 | 16.37 | 0.29 | 0.757 | Not significant | |
Pure Error | 630.40 | 11 | 57.31 | ||||
R2 | 0.82 | ||||||
FAME | Model | 4348.03 | 5 | 869.61 | 9.05 | 0.002 | Significant |
X1 | 1203.93 | 1 | 1203.93 | 12.54 | 0.005 | Significant | |
X2 | 672.89 | 1 | 672.89 | 7.01 | 0.024 | Significant | |
X3 | 536.22 | 1 | 536.22 | 5.58 | 0.040 | Significant | |
X12 | 624.71 | 1 | 1196.90 | 12.46 | 0.005 | Significant | |
X22 | 1310.29 | 1 | 1310.29 | 13.64 | 0.004 | Significant | |
Residual | 960.39 | 10 | 96.04 | ||||
Lack of fit | 959.16 | 9 | 106.57 | 86.47 | 0.083 | Not significant | |
Pure Error | 1.23 | 1 | 1.23 | ||||
R2 | 0.82 |
Peak (cm−1) | Assignment | |
---|---|---|
SCG-lignin | SCG-FAME | |
3200 | - | Phenolic and aliphatic O–H stretch |
- | 3008 | C–H stretching alkene |
2927 | - | C–H stretch |
- | 2922 | C–H stretching of CH2 and CH3 |
- | 2852 | C–H stretching of CH2 and CH3 |
- | 1741 | C=O stretching of ester |
1703 | - | C=O stretch unconjugated |
1608 | - | C–C stretch (aromatic skeletal vibration) |
1512 | - | C–C stretch (aromatic skeletal vibration), G |
- | 1460 | C–H deformation of methyl and methylene |
1439 | - | C–H deformation (aromatic skeletal vibration) |
- | 1436 | Aromatic C–H deformation |
1366 | - | Phenolic O–H and aliphatic C–H stretch methyl groups |
- | 1362 | O–CH2 deformation in glycerol moiety |
- | 1242 | Phenolic O–H deformation |
- | 1194 | O–CH3 stretching |
1164 | - | C–O stretch in ester group |
- | 1163 | C–O stretching |
- | 1117 | O–CH2–C stretching in triglyceride |
1044 | - | Aromatic C–H deformation G + S |
- | 1016 | C–O stretching of ester groups |
874 | - | C–H glycosidic linkage and G |
- | 844 | C–O stretching of ester groups |
763 | - | CH alkene |
- | 722 | aromatic compounds |
Parameter | Unit | Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Original SCG | The Solid Remaining SCG | ||
Total solids (TS) | g-TS/g | 0.977 ± 0.001 | 0.958 ± 0.010 |
Volatile solids (VS) | g-VS/g | 0.960 ± 0.005 | 0.720 ± 0.010 |
Total COD (tCOD) | g-COD/g | 1.030 ± 0.034 | 0.250 ± 0.014 |
Soluble COD (sCOD) | g-COD/g | 0.038 ± 0.001 | 0.053 ± 0.002 |
Lignin fraction | % (w/w) | 28.200 ± 0.300 | 36.500 ± 0.081 |
Theoretical BMP a | mL-CH4/g-VSadded | 248.480 | 40.000 |
Specific BMP | mL-CH4/g-VSadded | - | 36.000 ± 1.150 |
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Lee, M.; Yang, M.; Choi, S.; Shin, J.; Park, C.; Cho, S.-K.; Kim, Y.M. Sequential Production of Lignin, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biogas from Spent Coffee Grounds via an Integrated Physicochemical and Biological Process. Energies 2019, 12, 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122360
Lee M, Yang M, Choi S, Shin J, Park C, Cho S-K, Kim YM. Sequential Production of Lignin, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biogas from Spent Coffee Grounds via an Integrated Physicochemical and Biological Process. Energies. 2019; 12(12):2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122360
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Minjeong, Minseok Yang, Sangki Choi, Jingyeong Shin, Chanhyuk Park, Si-Kyung Cho, and Young Mo Kim. 2019. "Sequential Production of Lignin, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biogas from Spent Coffee Grounds via an Integrated Physicochemical and Biological Process" Energies 12, no. 12: 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122360