New Perspective on Performances and Limits of Solar Fresh Air Cooling in Different Climatic Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Building and Climatic Conditions
2.2. Characteristics of the Solar Cooling System
2.3. Characteristics of the Solar Thermal Collectors
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cooling Load
3.2. Operating Limits
3.3. COP of the Solar Absorption Chiller and of the Electric Chiller
3.4. Effect of Chilled Water Storage
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- The number of ETCS varied from 12 in Paris up to 44 in Phoenix and the corresponding total aperture area varied from 22.4 m2 in Paris to 82.0 m2 in Phoenix;
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- The total seasonal cooling load represents the total required cooling energy. This parameter was calculated hourly as the product between the cooling load (thermal power) and the period of time when cold was required. The sum of the hourly required cooling energy represents the total seasonal cooling load and varied between 2.09 MWh in Monaco up to 41.90 MWh in Phoenix.
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- The cooling power of the absorption chiller with cooling storage varied from 10.75 kW in Paris up to 45.29 kW in Phoenix;
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- The cooling power of the absorption chiller without cooling storage varied from 10.40 kW in Paris up to 40.06 kW in Phoenix;
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- The cooling storage proved to be capable of covering the cooling load without the electric chiller and the corresponding electrical energy consumption;
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- The maximum required electric power of the electric chiller, without storage varied between 6.73 kW in Cairo up to 18.04 kW in Phoenix;
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- The seasonal solar fraction with storage was higher than 100%, meaning that with storage more cold could be produced than required for the fresh air cooling, the extra cold production being, possibly, used to cover other types of cooling loads inside the building (through envelope, from occupants, from lighting, etc.);
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- The seasonal solar fraction without storage varied between 29.5% in Paris up to 62.0% in Phoenix;
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- The total amount of electrical energy required without storage was situated in the range of 382.3 kW (Monaco) up to 4192.3 kW (Phoenix);
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- The seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) represents the ratio between the seasonal provided cold and the total required seasonal electrical energy. Two types of SEER were defined—(a) the electrical seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEERel) calculated considering only the electrical provided cold; and (b) the global seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEERgl) considering the whole amount of provided cold (solar + electric). SEERel was between 3.5 in Monaco and 6.0 in Cairo. SEERgl was between 5.5 in Paris or Monaco and 14.1 in Cairo.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Country | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Altitude (m) | Time Zone (hours) | Climate Classification | Climate Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berlin | DEU | 52.517 N | 13.389 E | 44 | 1 | Dfb | Warm humid continental climate |
Paris | FRA | 48.857 N | 2.351 E | 30 | 1 | Cfb | Oceanic climate |
Monaco | FRA | 43.731 N | 7.420 E | 2 | 1 | Csa | Hot-summer Mediterranean climate |
Rome | ITA | 41.893 N | 12.483 E | 42 | 1 | Csa | Hot-summer Mediterranean climate |
Seville | ESP | 37.094 N | 2.358 E | 499 | 1 | Csa | Hot-summer Mediterranean climate |
Cairo | EGY | 30.049 N | 31.244 E | 41 | 2 | BWh | Hot desert climate |
Phoenix | USA | 33.450 N | 111.983 W | 337 | −7 | BWh | Hot desert climate |
Las Vegas | USA | 30.083 N | 115.15 W | 648 | −8 | BWk | Tropical and subtropical desert climate |
TMY Based Criteria | Min | Max |
---|---|---|
Total yearly global solar radiation on horizontal plane | Berlin | Cairo |
Maximum dry bulb temperature | Monaco | Las Vegas, Phoenix |
Maximum wet bulb temperature | Berlin | Phoenix |
Location | Total Yearly Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal Plane (kWh/m2/year) | Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) | Maximum Wet Bulb Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Berlin | 1077 | 35.4 | 23.6 |
Paris | 1153 | 32.5 | 23.8 |
Monaco | 1595 | 28.1 | 25.2 |
Rome | 1669 | 32.1 | 24.8 |
Seville | 1851 | 40.4 | 25.2 |
Cairo | 2209 | 39.7 | 24.7 |
Phoenix | 2094 | 44.4 | 26.0 |
Las Vegas | 2032 | 44.4 | 24.4 |
Location | Beginning Month | Ending Month | Max. Sensible Cooling Load (kW) | Max. Total Cooling Load (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Berlin | May | August | 31.30 | 37.84 |
Paris | June | September | 24.68 | 44.00 |
Monaco | August | August | 14.62 | 33.04 |
Rome | June | September | 23.89 | 42.29 |
Seville | April | September | 42.23 | 55.71 |
Cairo | April | October | 46.31 | 46.64 |
Phoenix | April | October | 50.75 | 69.09 |
Las Vegas | April | October | 50.75 | 55.87 |
Chilled Water Thermal Regime | Correlation Coefficients | Availability Range (Cooling Water Thermal Regime) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | ||
(7–12) °C | 0.1233 | 3.7314 | 107.76 | (17–28) °C |
(12–17) °C | 0.0424 | 0.3116 | 66.18 | (10–32) °C |
Chilled Water Thermal Regime | Correlation Coefficients | Availability Range (Cooling Water Thermal Regime) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | ||
(7–12) °C | 0.0 | −0.0088 | 0.93 | (17–28) °C |
(12–17) °C | −0.000135 | −0.0027 | 0.9107 | (10–32) °C |
Location | Berlin | Paris | Monaco | Rome | Seville | Cairo | Phoenix | Las Vegas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of ETSC (pcs) | 14 | 12 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 29 | 44 | 32 |
Total aperture surface (m2) | 26.1 | 22.4 | 33.6 | 52.2 | 55.9 | 54.1 | 82.0 | 59.6 |
Max. cooling load (kW) | 37.84 | 44.00 | 33.04 | 42.29 | 55.71 | 46.64 | 69.09 | 55.87 |
No. of operating hours at (12–17) °C chilled water (h) | 0 | 0 | 121 | 25 | 32 | 0 | 157 | 4 |
Max. absorption cooling power (with storage) (kW) | 13.15 | 10.75 | 14.70 | 23.89 | 26.86 | 30.26 | 45.29 | 33.48 |
Max. absorption cooling power (without storage) (kW) | 11.99 | 10.40 | 14.41 | 22.36 | 26.46 | 29.62 | 40.06 | 30.86 |
Electrical power (with storage) (kW) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Max. electrical power (without storage) (kW) | 9.10 | 11.58 | 9.56 | 10.14 | 12.72 | 6.73 | 18.04 | 13.67 |
Total cooling load (seasonal) (MWh) | 6.14 | 2.56 | 2.09 | 12.74 | 24.18 | 31.79 | 41.90 | 31.07 |
Seasonal solar fraction (with storage) (%) | 106.8% | 176.9% | 114.4% | 121.0% | 102.9% | 109.9% | 111.9% | 115.8% |
Seasonal solar fraction (without storage) (%) | 35.7% | 29.5% | 35.3% | 57.2% | 52.4% | 57.4% | 62.0% | 53.9% |
Seasonal electric fraction (without storage) (%) | 64.3% | 70.5% | 64.7% | 42.8% | 47.6% | 42.6% | 38.0% | 46.1% |
Total electrical energy (with storage) (kWh) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total electrical energy (without storage) (kWh) | 955.7 | 465.0 | 382.3 | 1455.0 | 1048.2 | 2261.6 | 4192.3 | 3431.8 |
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (electric) (SEERel) (-) | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 4.2 |
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (global) (SEERgl) (-) | 6.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 14.1 | 10.0 | 9.1 |
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Abrudan, A.C.; Pop, O.G.; Serban, A.; Balan, M.C. New Perspective on Performances and Limits of Solar Fresh Air Cooling in Different Climatic Conditions. Energies 2019, 12, 2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112113
Abrudan AC, Pop OG, Serban A, Balan MC. New Perspective on Performances and Limits of Solar Fresh Air Cooling in Different Climatic Conditions. Energies. 2019; 12(11):2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112113
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbrudan, Ancuta C., Octavian G. Pop, Alexandru Serban, and Mugur C. Balan. 2019. "New Perspective on Performances and Limits of Solar Fresh Air Cooling in Different Climatic Conditions" Energies 12, no. 11: 2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112113