Electro-Microbiology as a Promising Approach Towards Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbe-Electrode Interaction
2.1. Mechanism of Electron Transfer
2.1.1. Direct Electron Transfer (DET)
2.1.2. Indirect Electron Transfer (IET)
3. Role of Characterization Techniques in the Advancement of Electro-Microbiology
3.1. Fundamental and Culturing Techniques
3.2. Molecular Techniques for Characterization of Electroactive Bacteria
3.3. Electrochemical Characterization of Microbial Communities
3.3.1. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
3.3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
3.3.3. Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)
3.3.4. Chronoamperometry (CA)
3.3.5. Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)
4. Electro-Microbiology and Environmental Sustainability
4.1. Simultaneous Electricity Generation & Wastewater Treatment by MFCs
4.2. Resource Recovery and Sustainability
4.2.1. Metal Recovery
4.2.2. Ammonia and Phosphorus Recovery
4.2.3. Biosynthesis Prospects of Electro-Microbiology
Biomethane
Biohydrogen
Acetate
Hydrogen Peroxide
Biomass
5. Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Bacteria | Electron Transfer Mechanism | Molecules Involved in Electron Transfer | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Geobacter sulfurreducens | DET (nanowires) | Branched OMCs system: cytochromes (c-, d-types) and Type IV pili | Oxidation of organic compounds to iron reduction leads to electron release | [35] |
Thermincola ferriacetica | DET | c-type cytochromes | Electrons are transported to electrode through multiheme c-type cytochromes | [36] |
Clostridium ljungdahlii | DET | Rnf complex (Ferredoxin:NAD+ -oxidoreductase) (No cytochromes, no quinones) | Electron bifurcating ferredoxin reduction | [37,38] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | DET | cytochromes (a-, b-, c-, o-type), phenazines, flavines (soluble and bound), quinones and dehydrogenases | Electron transfer through the production of versatile phenazine redox mediators. | [39] |
Geobacter metallireducens | DET | c-Type cytochromes, that is, OmcB and OmcE | Fe(III) oxide reduction | [40] |
Shewanella putrefaciens | DET | c-Type cytochromes, that is, MtrC and OmcA, FAD transporter | NIF | [41] |
Rhodopseudomonas Palustris | DET | c-Type cytochromes | NIF | [42] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | DET | 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone | Reduction of iron oxide and generate electricity | [43] |
Moorella thermoacetica | IET (methylviologen) | Cytochromes (b, d-type), quinones and/or Ech-complex | Reduction of CO2 to other organic compounds | [37] |
Acetobacterium woodii | IET (biotic H2) | Rnf complex (Ferredoxin: NAD+ -fuctase), membrane bound corrinoids (No cytochromes, no quinones) | Electron bifurcating ferredoxin hydrogenase catalysis H2 formation | [37,44] |
Lactococcus lactis | IET | 2-Amino-3-dicarboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | NIF | [45] |
Shewanella oneidensis | IET (self-produced shuttles),DET (nanowires) | Metal-reducing pathway components CymA, MtrA, MtrB, MtrC, and OmcA | CymA in inner-membrane oxidizes the quinol and transfers the released electrons to MtrA directly or indirectly | [46] |
Sporomusa ovata | DET and IET | Membrane-bound cytochromes (b-, c-types) and quinones | CO2 is used as an electron acceptor and reduced to organic compounds via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway | [37] |
Shewanella oneidensis | IET (self-produced shuttles), DET (nanowires) | Flavins, riboflavin | NIF | [47] |
Thermincola ferriacetica | NIF | Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate | Fe(III) reduction | [36] |
Isolated Electroactive Bacteria | Source of Isolation | Technique Used before Culturing | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Dietzia sp. RNV-4 | Single Chamber MFC | Dilution | [53] |
Geobacter OS1 | Petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil | Dilution | [54] |
Ochrobactrum OS2 | Petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil | Dilution | [54] |
Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1 | Single Chamber MFC | Dilution & Enrichment | [55] |
Sphingomonas strain DJ | Microbial electrolysis cell (MECs) | Dilution | [56] |
Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1 | Air cathode MFC | Dilution | [57] |
Geobacter SD-1 | Microbial electrolysis cell (MECs) | Dilution & Enrichment | [58] |
Citrobacter LAR-1 | Sediments | Dilution & Enrichment | [59] |
Geobacter bremensis | Compost | Dilution & Enrichment | [60] |
Bacillus sediminis DX-5T | Microbial electrolysis cell (MECs) | Dilution | [61] |
Clostridium butyricum | Mediatorless MFC | Enrichment | [62] |
Rhodoferax ferrireducens | Sediments | Enrichment | [63] |
Enterococcus gallinarum MG25 | Submerged soil | Dilution & Enrichment | [64] |
Aeromonas hydrophila | Mediatorless MFC | Enrichment | [65] |
Type of Wastewater Treated | Inoculum Source | Hydraulic Retention Time | Initial COD | COD Removal Efficiency | Power Density | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereal wastewater | Sludge | 120 h | 595 mg/L | 95% | 371 ± 10 mW/m2 | [101] |
Dairy wastewater | Anaerobic mixed consortia as | NIF | 4.44 kgCOD/m3 | 95.49% | 1.10 W/m3 | [102] |
Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater | Anaerobic sludge | 72 h | 91 000 mg/L | 93.50% | 118.1 mW/m2 | [103] |
Effluent from hydrogen producing biofermentor | Domestic wastewater | 23 h | 6.3 g/L | 97% | 4200 mW/m3 | [104] |
Confectionary wastewater | Aerobic sludge, anaerobic sludge, | NIF | 22 000 mg/L | 92% | NIF | [105] |
Biodiesel waste | Domestic wastewater | NIF | 1400 mg/L | 90% | 1310 ± 15 mW/m2 | [106] |
Starch processing wastewater | Wastewater itself | four cycles of 140 days | 4852 mg/L | 98% | 239.4 mW/m2 | [107] |
Paper wastewater | Wastewater itself | 500 h | 0.48 g/L | 76 ± 4% TCOD; | 501 ± 20 mW/m2 | [108] |
Rice mill wastewater | Anaerobic sludge | 288 h | 1100–1125 mg/L | 96.5% COD | 2.3 W/m3 | [109] |
Palm oil effluent | 3.5 g/L sludge | 48 h | 10000 mg/L | COD; 93.6% | NIF | [110] |
Synthetic penicillin wastewater | Bacteria from another MFC | 24 h | 50 mg/L penicillin: 1000 mg/L glucose mix | 98% | 101.2 mW/m3 | [111] |
Indole | Mixed aerobic and anaerobic activated | 12 h | 500 mg/L | Complete removal | 1410.2 mW/m2 | [112] |
Quinoline | – | 6 h | 500 mg/L | Complete removal | 16.4 mW/m2 | [113] |
Selenite wastewater | Mixed bacterial culture | 48 and 72 h | 50 and 200 mg/L | 99% | 2900 mW/m2 | [114] |
Pyridine | Mixed aerobic and anaerobic activated | 12 h | 500 mg/L | Complete removal | 1410.2 mW/m2 | [114] |
Ceftriaxone sodium (Cs). | Bacteria from another glucose-fed mFC | 24 h | 50 mg/L (Cs): 1000 mg/L glucose | 96% | 11 mW/m2 | [111] |
p-Nitrophenol wastewater | Anaerobic sludge | 12 h | NIF | Complete degradation | 143 mW/m2 | [115] |
Refractory contaminants (Furfural) | Anaerobic and aerobic sludge | 60 h | 300 mg/L | 96% COD; 100% furfural | 15.9 W/m3 | [116] |
Dairy wastewater | self-microbial population of | 10 days | 1487 mg/L | 81.29% | 10.89 mA | [117] |
Carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants | digested sludge | 210 days | 545 ± 43 mg/L | 99% COD; <20% | by 50% 0.25 ± 0.07 V | [118] |
CO | anaerobic sludge | 14 days | NIF | NIF | 260.3 mV | [119] |
1,2-Dichloro-ethane waste water | mixed natural consortium from a 1,2-DCA contaminated site | 1 month | 99 mg/L | 85% | 0.03 mA | [120] |
Chemical wastewater | anaerobic mixed consortia | 96 h | 5900 mg/L | 58.98% | 186.34 mA/m2 | [121] |
Landfill | anaerobic | NIF | 9800 mg/L | NIF | 6817.4 mW/m3 | [122] |
4-Chlorophenol | anaerobic sludge | 45 h | 60 mg/L | complete | 12.4 mW/m2 | [123] |
Amaranth Dye | NIF | 1 h | 75 mg/L | 82.59% | 28.3W/m3 | [124] |
Cr(VI) | NIF | 10 h | 177 mg/L | 92.80% | 108 mW/m2 | [125] |
Refinery waste | NIF | 6 days | NIF | NIF | 120 mW/m2 | [126] |
Terephthalic acid | anaerobic sludge | 210 h | 4000 mg/L | 80.30% | 96.3 mW/m2 | [127] |
Diesel range organics | diesel contaminated groundwater | 21 days | 300 mg/L | 82% | 31 mW/m2 | [128] |
Brewery wastewater | anaerobic mixed consortia | 2.13 h | 1501 mg/L | 47.60% | 669 mW/m2 | [129] |
Starch processing wastewater | electrochemically active bacteria | 6 weeks | 1700 mg/L | 97% | 0.44 mA/cm2 | [130] |
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Ali, J.; Sohail, A.; Wang, L.; Rizwan Haider, M.; Mulk, S.; Pan, G. Electro-Microbiology as a Promising Approach Towards Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Energies 2018, 11, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071822
Ali J, Sohail A, Wang L, Rizwan Haider M, Mulk S, Pan G. Electro-Microbiology as a Promising Approach Towards Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Energies. 2018; 11(7):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071822
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Jafar, Aaqib Sohail, Lei Wang, Muhammad Rizwan Haider, Shahi Mulk, and Gang Pan. 2018. "Electro-Microbiology as a Promising Approach Towards Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability" Energies 11, no. 7: 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071822