Detection Method for Soft Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Extracting Open Circuit Voltage of Faulted Cell
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method Description
2.1. Overall Scheme for ISCr Detection Algorithm
2.2. Equivalent Circuit Model of Battery Pack with ISCr
2.3. Estimation of Pack SOC Using EKF
2.4. Estimation of Normal Cell SOC
2.5. Estimation of OCV and SOC for Faulted Cell
2.6. Calculation of
2.7. Parallel Processing of Proposed Algorithm
3. Simulation and Experiment
3.1. Simulation Configuration
3.2. Experimental Configuration
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Terminal Voltages of Pack
4.2. Estimation Results of SOCs for Pack and Faulted Cell
4.3. Estimated s from Parallel Processing
4.4. Estimation Results of in Simulation
4.5. Estimation Results of in Experiment
4.6. Other Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols | |
RISCr | ISCr resistance, Ω |
Vt | Terminal voltage, V |
IL | Load current, A |
VOC | OCV, V |
R | Internal resistance, Ω |
I1L | Self-discharge current, A |
I2L | Residual current, A |
η | Charging and discharging efficiency |
Δt | Sample period |
Cn | Nominal capacity |
h | Function of relation between OCV ans SOC |
h−1 | Inverse function of h |
є | Difference error |
x | EKF state variable |
y | EKF output variable |
u | EKF input variable |
w, v | EKF process/measurement errors |
Q, T | EKF covariances of Gaussian noise |
A | EKF state transition matrix |
C | EKF observation matrix |
P | EKF error covariance matrix |
L | EKF Kalman gain |
f | EKF state update function |
g | EKF output update function |
pst | Stable point, sample index |
Subscripts | |
p | battery pack |
f | faulted cell |
n | normal cell |
k | iterration index |
j | cell index |
m | number of cells in the pack |
1, 2, 3, 4 | 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th stable points |
Abbreviations | |
ISCr | Internal short circuit |
OCV | Open circuit voltage |
SOC | State of charge |
BMS | Battery management system |
EKF | Extended Kalman filter |
DST | Dynamic stress test |
UDDS | Urban dynamometer driving schedule |
CC-CV | Constant-current constant-voltage |
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Description | Equation | Step |
---|---|---|
State space model | ||
State transition matrix | ||
Observation matrix | ||
Initial assumed values | For | |
Error covariance matrix Kalman gain | For | |
Specification Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Model | INR 18650-20R |
Type | LiNiCoMnO2 |
Dimension | ⌀18.33 × 64.85 mm |
Mass | 45.0 g |
Operating temperature | ∼+75 °C |
Nominal voltage | 3.6 V |
Charge cut-off voltage | 4.2 V |
Discharge cut-off voltage | 2.5 V |
Nominal capacity | 2.0 Ah |
Discharge Condition | True ISCr Resistance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 Ω | 10 Ω | 20 Ω | 30 Ω | 50 Ω | |
DST | 26.2 | 9.9 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 2.1 |
UDDS | 25.4 | 9.0 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.7 |
Discharge Condition | True ISCr Resistance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 Ω | 10.02 Ω | 20.0 Ω | 29.98 Ω | 49.91 Ω | |
DST | 3.3 | 11.8 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 20.7 |
UDDS | 2.2 | 15.4 | 20.1 | 20.7 | 31.2 |
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Seo, M.; Goh, T.; Park, M.; Kim, S.W. Detection Method for Soft Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Extracting Open Circuit Voltage of Faulted Cell. Energies 2018, 11, 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071669
Seo M, Goh T, Park M, Kim SW. Detection Method for Soft Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Extracting Open Circuit Voltage of Faulted Cell. Energies. 2018; 11(7):1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071669
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeo, Minhwan, Taedong Goh, Minjun Park, and Sang Woo Kim. 2018. "Detection Method for Soft Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack by Extracting Open Circuit Voltage of Faulted Cell" Energies 11, no. 7: 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071669