Comparison of Positive Streamers in Liquid Dielectrics with and without Nanoparticles Simulated with Finite-Element Software
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oil Test Specimen
3. Streamer Model
3.1. Streamers in Mineral Transformer Oil
3.2. Streamer in Nanofluid
3.3. Streamer in Oil with Dielectric Barrier
4. Results of Positive Streamer Simulation
- Streamer propagation
- Net space charge
- Electric field
- Electric potential
- Temperature
4.1. Streamer in Mineral Transformer Oil
4.2. Streamer in Nanofluid
4.2.1. Nanofluids with = 50 ns
4.2.2. Nanofluids with = 20 ns
4.3. Streamer in Base Fluid with Dielectric Barrier
5. Challenges for Streamer Simulation
- Because of the scale of nanometers on which the simulations of the streamer were carried out, as well as the complex shapes of the geometry used, it was necessary to use a fine meshing (dividing the geometry into a high number of finite elements) to obtain results with sufficient precision. In addition to this, the number of linear and highly nonlinear equations introduced into the model had to be considered. Therefore, it was necessary to increase the number of cores used, for example, up to eight cores, and keep the frequencies for the processors above 3–3.5 GHz, working at the same time to be able to solve the model with acceptable times to carry out the simulations.
- Regarding the RAM memory, using a direct solver such as the multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct solver (MUMPS) reduced the use of RAM memory without requiring the use of a great resource of memory. This was possible because it stores part of the solution out-of-core, which means that part of the memory is stored on the hard disk. This behavior has the advantage of reducing the use of RAM memory, but it slows down the process, as it has to read data from the hard disk.
- The use of a graphics card was important at the time of the calculations and also at the time of visualizing the results. We note that it was not as critical a parameter as those previous. As an example, a Nvidia GeForce 940 with 4 Gb DDR3 had a good behavior for the simulations.
- Finally, to improve the performance and accuracy of the model, Equation (24) was used, which allowed us to reduce the oil rupture voltage to more realistic values:Here (eV) is the electrical potential needed for the molecular ionization and is the ionization potential function parameter. This theory is described by Jadidian in [9]. This model for dielectric liquids has been previously used to explain streamer propagation mechanisms for water and liquid dielectrics in [19,20,21,22]
- The difference between Equations (24) and (1) is that in the new equation, a continuous feedback of the value of the vector of the electric field is obtained, as a result of the new parameter . Therefore, an evolution that is more consistent with the reality of the field ionization ratio, , is achieved.
6. Conclusions
- In mineral oil, a displacement of the potential and the electric field occurs as a result of the ionization of the oil (at field levels around (V/m)). By ionizing more oil, a greater generation of charge carriers is obtained; this is shown in the figures on the net space charge density, generating a driving path where there is current conduction and therefore the advance of the streamer. This circulation of current causes an increase in temperature.
- When applying nanoparticles, the displacement of the positive streamer along the z-axis is reduced. In simulations with nanofluids and a time constant of 20 ns, there was a lower displacement of the field and potential in comparison with simulations made with a time constant of 50 ns; this was due to the fact that the nanoparticles were loaded faster for = 20 ns compared with = 50 ns—because of their influence in the streamer, this was accentuated when the time constant was reduced. As for the temperature, this produced something similar: temperatures were reduced, such that the deterioration of the oil was reduced.
- Regarding the barriers immersed inside the mineral oil, for the case of PTFE , as there was no difference in the relative permittivity between the dielectric solid and the oil, the dielectric solid did not attract the carriers of free charges by polarization; therefore, this propagation of the streamer on the dielectric solid was not due to the effects of polarization. However, as a result of the perpendicular orientation of the solid, the streamer, as it propagated, encountered the barrier and produced surface discharges on the dielectric solid that propagated along it. The PET and Pressboard cases were analogous, because their relative permittivities were higher than that of the oil in which they were submerged. Therefore, these dielectric solids attracted the carriers of free charges as a result of the polarization effect. On the other hand, because of the perpendicular orientation of the dielectric solid with respect to the main direction of the electric field, this forced the streamer to meet with it. The greater the difference in relative permittivity compared to the oil, the greater the attraction by polarization and therefore the speed of propagation of the streamer on the surface of the dielectric solid. In addition to the greater difference in relative permittivity, the greater the force of attraction of the dielectric solid to the streamer, the greater the adherence of the streamer to the surface.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | MIT | ETSIDI HP ProDesk 400 G3 |
---|---|---|
Number of computers (used in parallel) | 3 | 1 |
Number of cores | 36 (3.4 GHz each) | 4 (3.4 GHz each) |
RAM | 188 GB | 16 GB |
Degrees of freedom | ||
Time of simulation | h | h |
Symbol | Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Ionization electrical potential | 7.1 | eV | |
Density of ionizable species | 1 | ||
Intermolecular distance | 3 | m | |
e | Charge of the electron | −1.602 | C |
Effective mass of the electron | 9.1 | kg | |
, | Ion-ion and electron-ion recombination ratios | 1.645 | |
Mobility of negative and positive ions | |||
Mobility of electrons | |||
Specific heat | 1.7 | ||
Oil density | 880 | ||
Thermal conductivity | 0.13 | ||
Electron attachment time constant | 200 | s | |
Vacuum permittivity | 8.854 | F/m | |
h | Planck’s constant | 6.63 |
Symbol | Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Mobility of charged nanoparticles | |||
Nanoparticle charge density upper limit | 500 | ||
Saturation charge | |||
R | Radius of nanoparticles | 5 | |
Vacuum permeability | 4 | H/m | |
Saturation magnetization of nanofluid | T | ||
Domain magnetization of nanoparticles | 0.56 | T | |
Nanoparticle volume | |||
Volume fraction of nanoparticles | - | ||
Upper limit for catching electrons | −600 |
U (kV) | Max Temperature (K) | Positive Streamer Length (z-axis; mm) | Velocity (km/s) | Time Constant (ns) |
---|---|---|---|---|
300 | 610 | 1.2 | 1.2 | Mineral oil |
300 | 425 | 0.53 | 0.707 | 50 |
300 | 400 | 0.415 | 0.593 | 20 |
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Velasco, J.; Frascella, R.; Albarracín, R.; Burgos, J.C.; Dong, M.; Ren, M.; Yang, L. Comparison of Positive Streamers in Liquid Dielectrics with and without Nanoparticles Simulated with Finite-Element Software. Energies 2018, 11, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020361
Velasco J, Frascella R, Albarracín R, Burgos JC, Dong M, Ren M, Yang L. Comparison of Positive Streamers in Liquid Dielectrics with and without Nanoparticles Simulated with Finite-Element Software. Energies. 2018; 11(2):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020361
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelasco, Juan, Ricardo Frascella, Ricardo Albarracín, Juan Carlos Burgos, Ming Dong, Ming Ren, and Li Yang. 2018. "Comparison of Positive Streamers in Liquid Dielectrics with and without Nanoparticles Simulated with Finite-Element Software" Energies 11, no. 2: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020361
APA StyleVelasco, J., Frascella, R., Albarracín, R., Burgos, J. C., Dong, M., Ren, M., & Yang, L. (2018). Comparison of Positive Streamers in Liquid Dielectrics with and without Nanoparticles Simulated with Finite-Element Software. Energies, 11(2), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020361