Electro-Fermentation in Aid of Bioenergy and Biopolymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Waste Biomass: Veiled Opportunity
2.1. Anaerobic Digestion and Its Limitations
2.2. Microbial Electro-Fermentation: An Alternative Method of Fermentation
3. Electro-Fermentation in Aid of
3.1. Hydrogen
3.2. Biogas
3.3. 1,3-Propanediol
3.4. Alcohols
3.5. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
3.6. Integrative Approach of Utilizing EF in a Biorefinery Prospective
4. Limitations and Challenges for Electro-Fermentations
5. Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Substrates Used (Oxidation at Anode) | Reduction of Cathode | Major Output | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) | ||||
Tubular MFC | Glucose, Acetate, wastewater | K3[Fe(CN)6] | Electric Current | [33] |
Up-flow MFC (UMFC) | Sucrose | K3[Fe(CN)6], O2 | Electric Current | [34,35] |
Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket—MFC | Glucose | O2 | Electric Current | [36] |
Baffled air-cathode—MFC | Glucose, corn-stover hydrolysates | O2 | Electric Current | [37] |
Stacked—MFC | NaOAc | K3[Fe(CN)6] | Electric Current | [58] |
Microbial reverse electrodialysis cell (MRC) | NaOAc | O2 | Electric Current | [59] |
Microbial reverse-electrodialysis chemical-production cell (MRCC) | NaOAc | O2 | Electric Current, acid, alkali | [46] |
Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) | ||||
MEC-based systems for chemical production Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) | Any biodegradable material | Proton | H2, H2O2, CH4, NaOH | [47,48,49,60] |
Bioelectro-chemically assisted microbial reactor (BEAMR) | Wastewater | Proton | H2 | [61] |
Solar-powered microbial electrolysis fuel (solar MEC) | Acetate | Proton | H2 | [62] |
Microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cell (MREC) | Acetate | Proton | H2 | [63] |
Submersible microbial electrolysis cell (SMEC) | Acetate | Proton | H2 | [64] |
Microbial electrolysis struvite-precipitation cell (MESC) | NaOAc a | Proton | H2, Struvite | [14] |
Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) | ||||
MES-based systems for chemical production | Organic, H2 sulfide, H2O | Acetate or other organics, CO2 | Ethanol, acetate, 2-oxobutyrate, formate | [65,66,67,68] |
Solid state bio-electrofermentation system (SBES) | Food wastes | O2 | Electricity, H2, Ethanol | [6] |
Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) | ||||
MDC-based systems for water desalination and beneficial reuse | Any biodegradable material | O2, K3[Fe(CN)6], organics, or other oxidants | Desalination | [50] |
Microbial saline-wastewater electrolysis cell (MSC) | NaOAc | H2 | Treated saline wastewater, Electric Current | [69] |
Osmotic MDC | NaOAc, xylose, wastewater | O2, K3[Fe(CN)6], proton | Water desalination, Electric Current | [51] |
capacitive adsorption capability (cMDC) | NaOAc | K3[Fe(CN)6] | Water desalination | [52] |
MDC packed with ion-exchange resin (R-MDC) | NaOAc | O2 | Water desalination, Electric Current | [53] |
Electrolysis-MDC | NaOAc | Proton | H2, water desalination | [54] |
Microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical production cell (MEDCC) | NaOAc | O2 | Water desalination, NaOH, HCl | [55] |
Submerged MDC—denitrification cell (SMDDC) | NaOAc | Nitrate | Electric Current, N2 | [41] |
Stacked microbial desalination cell (SMDC) | NaOAc | O2 | Water desalination, Electric Current | [56] |
Upflow microbial desalination cell (UMDC) | NaOAc | O2 | Water desalination, Electric Current | [57] |
Type | Inoculum | Substrate | Potential (V) | Product A | Product B | Yield of | Remarks | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product A | Product B | ||||||||
MEC | Enriched mixed culture | CO2 | −0.1 V | CH4 | - a | 4.5 L m−2 d−1 | - | 80% energy efficiency | [47] |
MEC | Enriched mixed culture | CO2 | −0.9 V | CH4 | - | 9.2 L m−2 d−1 | - | high conversion rates (0.055 mmol d−1 mgVSS−1) | [75] |
BES | WWTP sludge | CO2 | −1 to −1.15 V | Acetate | CH4 | 94.73 mg d−1 | 129.32 mL d−1 | 97% current capture efficiency | [76] |
MES | Acclimatized acetogens | CO2 | −0.59 V | Acetate | H2 | 1.04 g L−1 d−1 | 0.2 g L−1 d−1 | Stabile, resilient, and improved performance over long-term operation | [77] |
BES | Enriched electroactive mixed culture biofilm | CO2 | −1.1 V | Acetate | H2 | 2.35 mM d−1 | <0.24 mM d-1 | Cathode potential was identified as a critical factor | [78] |
BES | Enriched electroactive mixed culture biofilm | CO2 | −1.1 V | Acetate | CH4 | 0.62 mM d−1 | 1.9 mM d−1 | Absence of methanogen inhibitor led to methane production | [78] |
BES | Clostridium pasteurianum DSM525 | Glycerol | 0.045 V | 1,3-Propanediol | Butanol | 93 mM | 58 mM | Current consumption leads to metabolic shift | [79] |
BES | Enriched mixed culture | Glycerol | −0.9 V | 1,3-Propanediol | H2 and CH4 | 0.8 mM L−1 h−1 | - | Direct H2 supply enhances 1,3-PDO synthesis by releasing reduced H2 during the pyruvate decarboxylation. | [80] |
BES | Enriched mixed culture | Glycerol | −0.8 to −1.1 V | 1,3-Propanediol | - | 42 g L−1 | - | 6 times higher 1,3-PDO production compared to non-BES fermentation; no current supply leads to domination by Lactobacillus producing lactic acid | [81] |
BES | Clostridium pasteurianum DSM525 | Glucose | 0.045 V | Butanol | Acetate/Butyrate | 1.2 mM h−1 | 3.2 mM h−1/3.7 mM h−1 | In BES, e− uptake by C. pasteurianum led to a metabolic shift where reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) consumption was quick by butanol production instead of acids. | [79] |
MES | Clostridium ljungdahlii | CO2 | −1.1 V | Ethanol/Acetate | H2 | ~100 mg L-1/19.19 g m−2 d−1 | - | H2 production may stimulate planktonic bacteria rather than cathodic-biofilm. | [82] |
MES | Mixed culture | CO2 | −1.1 V | Acetate | H2/CH4 | 37.89 g m−2 d−1 | - | H2 production is possibly a quick mode of transferring e− to the biocatalysts. | [82] |
BES | Enriched mixed culture | Acetate | 0.5 V | H2O2 | - | 1.9 Kg m−3 d−1 | - | Low energy requirement of approx. 0.93 kWh/kg of H2O2 | [49] |
MES | C. ljungdahlii DSM13528 | CO2 | −0.6 V | Acetate | Oxobutyrate | ~105 µM Acetate | - | Engineered strains of C. ljungdahlii capable of electrosynthesis could become a potential candidate for industrial biofuel production | [67] |
MES | Moorella thermoacetica | CO2 | −0.6 V | Acetate | - | ~90 µM Acetate | - | >80% conversion efficiency by M. thermoacetica | [67] |
BES | Mixed cultures | Glucose | - | Electricity | Polyhydroxylkanoate | 512 mV | <2% dry cell mass | Higher degradation at cathode | [83] |
single chambered MEC | Acid-shock pretreated anaerobic consortium | Acidogenic spent wash effluents +0.6 V | 0.6 V | H2 | - | 39.35 mL at the rate of 0.057 mmol/h | - | 68% VFA utilization; Additional H2 recovery utilizing VFA rich effluents | [73] |
Double chambered BES | Enriched culture of homoacetogenic bacteria | CO2 | −0.8 V | Acetic acid | - | 12.57 mM | - | Enrichment of biocatalysts improved the yield | [84] |
Stacked MFC | Aerobic and anaerobic sludge mixture | sodium acetate | - | Electricity | - | 258 W m−3 | - | Coulombic efficiency 71.6% or substrate to electricity conversion of 4.7 g COD L−1 d−1 | [58] |
MEC without membrane | Acetate-fed mixed culture | sodium acetate | 0.8 V | H2 | CH4 | 3.12 m3 H2/m3 reactor per day | 1.9% of the total gas | High H2 is possible by membrane-less MFC in a single chamber system | [72] |
MEC | Effluent of wastewater plant | glucose | 1.0 V | CH4 | - | 408.3 mL CH4/g COD | - | 30.3% higher than in the control | [85] |
MFC | Aerobic and anaerobic sludge mixture | Acetate | 0.6 V | CH4 | - | 0.41 mol/mol of acetate | - | lower partial pressure of H2 can improve the cathodic reduction thermodynamics | [86] |
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Kumar, P.; Chandrasekhar, K.; Kumari, A.; Sathiyamoorthi, E.; Kim, B.S. Electro-Fermentation in Aid of Bioenergy and Biopolymers. Energies 2018, 11, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020343
Kumar P, Chandrasekhar K, Kumari A, Sathiyamoorthi E, Kim BS. Electro-Fermentation in Aid of Bioenergy and Biopolymers. Energies. 2018; 11(2):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020343
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Prasun, Kuppam Chandrasekhar, Archana Kumari, Ezhaveni Sathiyamoorthi, and Beom Soo Kim. 2018. "Electro-Fermentation in Aid of Bioenergy and Biopolymers" Energies 11, no. 2: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020343