Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Block 1: Level of Implementation
3.2. Block 2: Barriers
3.2.1. Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.2.2. High-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.3. Block 3: Measures
3.3.1. Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.3.2. High-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.3.3. Energy Mix
3.4. Block 4: Advantages
3.4.1. Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.4.2. High-Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
3.4.3. Energy Mix
3.5. Closed Questions Questionnaire
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DK/DA | Doesn’t know/doesn’t answer |
N/S | North/South |
y/n | yes/no |
European Union | EU |
Appendix A
Appendix B
BLOCK | SCENARIO | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUESTIONS | SCORING SCALE | SPAIN | EU | CANARY ISLANDS | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | |
1 | What do you think is the implementation level for the low-enthalpy geothermal energy? | 1: very little 2: little 3: medium 4: enough 5: a lot | Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 | |||
What do you think is the implementation level for the high-enthalpy geothermal energy? | 1: very little 2: little 3: medium 4: enough 5: a lot | |||||
What do you think is the implementation level for the mix renewable: geothermal, solar, battery and/or pumping? | 1: very little 2: little 3: medium 4: enough 5: a lot | |||||
What do you think is the implementation level for the renewable energy in the agricultural sector? | 1: very little 2: little 3: medium 4: enough 5: a lot | |||||
And the geothermal energy in particular in the agricultural sector? | 1: very little 2: little 3: medium 4: enough 5: a lot |
BLOCK | SCENARIO | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUESTIONS | MULTI ANSWERS | SPAIN | EU | CANARY ISLANDS | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | |
2 | Which among these do you think are the barriers to the implementation of low-enthalpy geothermal energy? | Economic/Financial Normative Technical Cultural/social Lack of knowledge Others; Big offers gas sector | Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11 | |||
Which among these do you think are the barriers to the implementation of high-enthalpy geothermal energy? | Economic/Financial Normative Technical Cultural/social Lack of knowledge Others; Big offers gas sector |
BLOCK | SCENARIO | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUESTIONS | MULTI ANSWERS | SPAIN | EU | CANARY ISLANDS | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | |
3 | What would be the most appropriate measures for the elimination of low-enthalpy geothermal energy barriers? | Normative change Public investment Private investment Promotion Training | Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20 and Figure 21 | |||
What would be the most appropriate measures for the elimination of high-enthalpy geothermal energy barriers? | Normative change Public investment Private investment Promotion Training | |||||
What would be the most appropriate measures for the elimination of renewable energy mix barriers? | Normative change Public investment Private investment Promotion Training |
BLOCK | SCENARIOS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUESTIONS | MULTI ANSWERS | SPAIN | EU | CANARY ISLANDS | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR | |
4 | What advantages would a greater development of low-enthalpy geothermal energy have? | Local development Energy security CO2 emissions reduction Reduction of external energy dependence Energy cost reduction | Figure A9, Figure A10 and Figure A11 | |||
What advantages would a greater development of high-enthalpy geothermal energy have? | Local development. Energy security CO2 emissions reduction Reduction of external energy dependence Energy cost reduction | |||||
What advantages would a greater development of renewable mix energy have? | Local development Energy security CO2 emissions reduction Reduction of external energy dependence Energy cost reduction |
Appendix C
Appendix D
SCENARIOS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUESTIONS | ANSWERS | SPAIN | EU | CANARY ISLANDS | AGRICULTURAL SECTOR |
Do you think that further development of this technology (low- and/or high-enthalpy geothermal energy and/or energy mix with other sources of energy) would reduce its cost? | Yes No DK/DA | Figure A12, Figure A13, Figure A14, Figure A15, Figure A16, Figure A17, Figure A18 and Figure A19 | |||
Do you think that the final consumer is becoming more demanding with the origin of the energy he (she) consumes? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you believe that the final consumer is aware of the environmental, social and economic benefits of clean energy consumption? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you think that the initial investment is greater due to the use of a new technology? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you think that geothermal energy is at a cost disadvantage with other renewable energies of greater implantation? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you think that the current government situation is an obstacle on the implementation of this technology? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you think that companies are increasingly aware of environmental issues beyond purely economic ones? | Yes No DK/DA | ||||
Do you think that the institutions continue to support fossil fuels and the creation of cross-border energy networks to the detriment of local renewable energies? | Yes No DK/DA |
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Colmenar-Santos, A.; Palomo-Torrejón, E.; Rosales-Asensio, E.; Borge-Diez, D. Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union. Energies 2018, 11, 3202. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113202
Colmenar-Santos A, Palomo-Torrejón E, Rosales-Asensio E, Borge-Diez D. Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3202. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113202
Chicago/Turabian StyleColmenar-Santos, Antonio, Elisabet Palomo-Torrejón, Enrique Rosales-Asensio, and David Borge-Diez. 2018. "Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union" Energies 11, no. 11: 3202. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113202