There is currently a focus on electric vehicles due to their eco-friendly benefits such as low CO
2 emissions and decreased demand for fossil fuels and gases. It emerges that for the transportation system to concentrate on EVs attention must be paid to the power network to utilize economies of scale in their energy consumption. Unlike traditional vehicles, EVs don’t require such high maintenance costs [
1,
2] and moreover, they have great potential advantages such as cost, convenience, travel range and charging infrastructure. A compact, mid-family size car battery-based 22–32 kWh package runs the EV for about 40–100 miles. The Toyota RAV4 electric cars with a rated battery size of 41.8 kWh provides a driving range of 113 miles with a full energy charge. Hybrid electric vehicles utilize the combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electrical propulsion system to achieve a speed range of 29.93 kilometers per hour. The Chevrolet Volt officially unveiled an 18.4 kWh battery with fuel cell usage, to improve the driving range from 38 to 53 miles/charge. A 120 V single phase system charging outlet with on board charging technology requires 11–36 h to charge a 16–50 kWh battery system for a driving range of 40 miles. Commercial public or private charging systems use 208–600 V systems to charge a 20–50 kWh battery in 0.2–0.5 h [
1]. The global EV manufacturers have concentrated on developing the zero carbon emission vehicles with improved performance characteristics, driving the demand for EVs with compact energy efficient and low cost cut off [
2].
The various EV propulsion trends can be summarized as 720 W starter battery, 1500 W hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), PHEV with 12.5 kW and an EV with 25 kW [
3]. Cousland et al. planned the monitoring and control of lithium-ion cells [
4]. Haghbin et al. surveyed the literature on various compact battery chargers for EV applications [
5]. In level-1 charging infrastructures, the users predominately use the night time to power up the EV with their portable single phase outlets. Semi-fast charging EVs can be plugged in 240 V single or three phase public or private outlets and take 2 to 6 h to charge to a full usable capacity. A pictorial view of several EV charging levels is shown in
Figure 2.
From the commercial view points, EVs must indeed charge fast within a short span of time. The various charging systems receive power from the grid or from high penetration renewable energy sources integrated with the charging system to maintain the grid flexibility [
6]. Verzijlbergh et al. have identified the optimized strategy for EV charging and discharging based on the peak power demand for flexible operation of the power grid [
7]. The EV battery performance is estimated and communicated to the user regularly to avoid battery drain out. The battery performance is analysed through the SOC technology. Chang et al. reviewed various battery SOC estimation methods and concluded that the Coulomb counting method is efficient for storage systems [
8]. Future transportation systems will focus strongly on vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication and vice versa [
9]. The data communication deliberately uses the two-way communication between user and charging station for scheduled power management. The SOC of the EV is estimated using the user interface which is communicated to the next-door charging station to allocate a power provision slot based on distributed system power demand [
10,
11]. Research has been conducted to forecast EV vehicle battery power management to best utilize the advantages of the charging process [
12,
13]. However, these concepts are not included in the dynamic charge scheduling management facilities based on the vehicle location and SOC [
14,
15,
16]. In order to achieve this, the vehicle and charging station communicate with each other for the reservation of slots according to the availability and the cost functions [
17]. The progress in EVs in the near future is expected to be high and must be supported with the help of available and future communication systems [
18,
19,
20]. The proposed real-time EV charge scheduling depends upon the battery dynamics and availability of charging slots. Based on the scheduling management facility, the system will deliver the information to the user regarding the nearest charging station, best cost function and booking slots with respect to estimated vehicle battery SOC. The information sharing through webpages allows the energy management system to respond based on the vehicle peak demand and the vendor perspective [
20,
21]. The webpage is developed based on PHP scripting, which helps the user view the aforementioned information. With this, the vendors can even sell their services by means of bidding processes which can be done by adding the charging station through an online GPRS map. Therefore the viewer can choose the nearest charging station and available slots based on cost per unit. Here the coulomb counting method is used to estimate the SOC and the database is created in the SQL form with the purpose of storing information like SOC, the cost of charge, cost per kWh for the prevailing average rate, etc. The database is linked to a webpage which keeps track of information and transfers to the user by means of 3G/4G networks, or Wi-Fi protocols. Our analysis begins with a discussion of load forecasting in
Section 2. This is followed by the SOC measurement in
Section 3 and communication network architecture in
Section 4.
Section 5 deals with system topology, which is followed by computational algorithm development for server interfacing.