Psycho-Social Factors Associated with Intimacy Needs in Divorced and Widowed Older Chinese Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Hypotheses
- Demographic Variables:
- Biological Variable:
- Psychological Variables:
- Social Variables:
2.3. Instruments
2.4. General Procedures of Scale Translation and Adaptation
Content Validity and Face Validity
2.5. Sampling Sites
2.6. Sample Size
2.7. Participants
- (a)
- Had to be a heterosexual female;
- (b)
- Had to be aged 60 years or above;
- (c)
- Had to be divorced or widowed;
- (d)
- Had to have normal cognitive capability;
- (e)
- Had to be able to understand and respond to the survey;
- (f)
- Had to be participating of their own volition.
2.8. Data Collection
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Factors
3.2. Factors Associated with Sexual Health and Intimacy Needs
3.3. Factors Associated with Sexual Behaviour
4. Discussion
4.1. Contributions
4.2. Implications for Practice
4.3. Implications for This Research
4.4. Directions for Future Studies
4.5. Limitations in the Present Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Participants n = 278 | |
---|---|---|
City (%) | ||
Shanghai | 59.7 | |
Wuhan | 40.3 | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 65.17 ± 4.52 | |
Education Level (%) | ||
Never Attended School | 0.7 | |
Primary School | 18.0 | |
Junior Middle School | 25.9 | |
High school | 45.3 | |
College | 10.1 | |
Current Relationship Status (%) | ||
Divorced | 55.0 | |
Widowed | 45.0 | |
Number of Children (%) | ||
Zero | 0.4 | |
One | 82.4 | |
Two | 12.6 | |
Three | 4.0 | |
Four | 0.7 | |
Finance Status (mean ± SD) | 53.42 ± 16.48 |
Sexual Behaviour | Frequency (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not at All | Once per Month | Once Less Than One Month | Once a Week | Once or Twice per Week | Three Times or More per Week | |
Intercourse | 12.9 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 54.7 | 21.2 | 1.4 |
Sexual Touch | 12.9 | 0.7 | 6.5 | 43.5 | 31.7 | 0.4 |
Oral Sex | 12.9 | 1.1 | 15.1 | 44.6 | 21.9 | 0 |
Orgasm | 12.9 | 2.2 | 13.3 | 47.1 | 19.4 | 0.7 |
Use of Sex Objects | 12.9 | 1.4 | 19.1 | 40.6 | 21.2 | 0.4 |
Sexual Initiation | 12.9 | 1.4 | 14.4 | 40.6 | 25.9 | 0.4 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: Intimacy Attitude | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | |
Age | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.06 |
Education Level | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
Current Relationship Status | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Number of Children | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.04 | 0.01 |
Finance Status | 0.25 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.03 | −0.04 |
Physical Health | 0.06 | |||
Attachment Style | 0.28 *** | |||
Neuroticism | 0.21 ** | |||
Mental Health | 0.20 * | |||
Social Support | 0.51 *** | |||
Prior marital Conflict | 0.24 ** | |||
Gender Norm Attitude | 0.23 * | |||
Body Image | 0.11 | |||
Model Statistics | ||||
∆R Square | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
F | 4.00 | 3.48 | 9.11 | 11.59 |
F Change | 4.00 | 0.89 | 16.44 | 19.65 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable: General Sexual Behaviour | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | Beta | |
Age | −0.19 | −0.17 | −0.18 * | −0.11 | −0.25 ** |
Education Level | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Current Relationship Status | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Number of Children | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.10 |
Finance Status | 0.25 *** | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.15 * |
Physical Health | 0.48 *** | ||||
Attachment Style | 0.32 *** | ||||
Neuroticism | −0.37 *** | ||||
Mental Health | 0.00 | ||||
Social Support | −0.03 | ||||
Prior marital Conflict | −0.24 *** | ||||
Gender Norm Attitude | 0.65 *** | ||||
Body Image | −0.04 | ||||
Sexual Knowledge | 0.22 *** | ||||
Sexual Attitude | 0.30 *** | ||||
Intimacy Attitude | 0.26 *** | ||||
Model Statistics | |||||
∆R Square | 0.24 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.77 | 0.37 |
F | 17.72 | 33.10 | 28.90 | 98.28 | 20.59 |
F Change | 17.72 | 82.32 | 35.70 | 148.67 | 19.21 |
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Ji, Z.; Yan, E. Psycho-Social Factors Associated with Intimacy Needs in Divorced and Widowed Older Chinese Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912360
Ji Z, Yan E. Psycho-Social Factors Associated with Intimacy Needs in Divorced and Widowed Older Chinese Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912360
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Zhe, and Elsie Yan. 2022. "Psycho-Social Factors Associated with Intimacy Needs in Divorced and Widowed Older Chinese Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912360