Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Cell Culture
2.2. Cell Viability Assay
2.3. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis
2.4. Estimation of Autophagic Flux
2.5. Nuclear Translocation of TFEB-EGFP
2.6. siRNA Transfection
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GSK-3 Inhibits the Proliferation of Bladder Cancer Cells and Has Low Cytotoxicity in Normal Cells
3.2. GSK-3 Inhibition Induces Autophagy in Cultured Bladder Cancer Cells
3.3. Inhibition of Autophagy Sensitizes the Cells to GSK-3 Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis
3.4. TFEB Nuclear Translocation Is Governed by GSK-3 Inhibition
3.5. The Role of the AMP-AMPK-ULK1 Pathway in GSK-3 Inhibition-Induced Autophagy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shirono, Y.; Bilim, V.; Anraku, T.; Kuroki, H.; Kazama, A.; Murata, M.; Hiruma, K.; Tomita, Y. Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells. Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30, 5350-5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060406
Shirono Y, Bilim V, Anraku T, Kuroki H, Kazama A, Murata M, Hiruma K, Tomita Y. Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells. Current Oncology. 2023; 30(6):5350-5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060406
Chicago/Turabian StyleShirono, Yuko, Vladimir Bilim, Tsutomu Anraku, Hiroo Kuroki, Akira Kazama, Masaki Murata, Kaede Hiruma, and Yoshihiko Tomita. 2023. "Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells" Current Oncology 30, no. 6: 5350-5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060406