Schweizer Richtlinien Zum Management von Pavk-Patienten Durch Den Facharzt †
Excerpt
Evidenz Grad A
Evidenz Grad B
Evidenz Grad C
Risikofaktoren – Prognose – klinische Präsentation
Diagnostik
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- Nervenwurzelkompression (häufig)
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- Arthrose (häufig)
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- Spinalkanalstenose (relativ häufig)
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- symptomatische Baker-Zyste (relativ häufig)
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- chronisches Kompartmentsyndrom (selten)
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- venöse Claudicatio (selten)
Diagnostische Tests
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- Knöcheldruck: typischerweise <50–70 mm Hg
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- Zehendruck: kritische Grenze <30 mm Hg
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- tcPO2: kritische Grenze <30 mm Hg
Bildgebung
Original-Statements aus den TASC-II-Guidelines
An ABI should be measured in:
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- All patients who have exertional leg symptoms.
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- All patients between the age of 50–69 and who have a cardiovascular risk factor (particularly diabetes or smoking).
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- All patients age >70 years regardless of risk factor status.
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- All patients with a Framingham risk score 10 to 20%.
Evaluation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with diabetes
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- All diabetic patients with ulceration should be evaluated for PAD using objective testing.
Diagnosis of critical limb ischaemia (CLI)
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- CLI is a clinical diagnosis but should be supported by objective tests.
Importance of early identification of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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- Early identification of patients with PAD at risk of developing foot problems is essential for limb preservation. This can be achieved by daily visual examination by the patient or their family and, at every visit, referral to the foot specialist.
Amputation decisions in critical limb ischaemia
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- The decision to amputate and the choice of the level should take into consideration the potential for healing, rehabilitation and return of quality of life.
Assessment of acute limb ischaemia (ALI)
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- Due to inaccuracy of pulse palpation and the physical examination, all patients with suspected ALI should have Doppler assessment of peripheral pulses immediately at presentation to determine if a flow signal is present.
Cases of suspected acute limb ischaemia
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- All patients with suspected ALI should be evaluated immediately by a vascular specialist who should direct immediate decision making and perform revascularisation because irreversible nerve and muscle damage may occur within hours.
Indications and methods to localise arterial lesions
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- Patients with intermittent claudication who continue to experience limitations to their quality of life after appropriate medical therapy (exercise rehabilitation and/or pharmacotherapy) or patients with CLI may be considered candidates for revascularisation if they meet the following additional criteria: (1.) a suitable lesion for revascularisation is identified; (2.) the patient does not have any systemic contraindications for the procedure; and (3.) the patient desires additional therapy.
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- Initial disease localisation can be obtained with haemodynamic measures including segmental limb pressures or pulse volume recording.
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- When anatomic localisation of arterial occlusive lesions is necessary for decision making, the following imaging techniques are recommended: duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomographic angiography (depending on local availability, experience, and cost).
Therapie
Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren
Thrombozytenfunktionshemmer/Antikoagulation
Therapie der Claudicatio intermittens
Therapie der kritischen Ischämie
Therapie der akuten Ischämie
Nachsorge nach Revaskularisation
Original-Statements aus den TASC-II-Guidelines
Smoking cessation in peripheral arterial disease
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- All patients who smoke should be strongly and repeatedly advised to stop smoking.
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- All patients who smoke should receive a program of physician advice, group counselling sessions, and nicotine replacement.
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- Cessation rates can be enhanced by the addition of antidepressant drug therapy (bupropion) and nicotine replacement.
Lipid control in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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- All symptomatic PAD patients should have their low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol lowered to <2.59 mmol/l (<100 mg/dl).
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- In patients with PAD and a history of vascular disease in other beds (eg coronary artery disease) it is reasonable to lower LDL cholesterol levels to <1.81 mmol/l (<70 mg/dl).
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- All asymptomatic patients with PAD and no other clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease should also have their LDL-cholesterol level lowered to <2.59 mmol/l (<100 mg/dl).
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- In patients with elevated triglyceride levels where the LDL cannot be accurately calculated, the LDL level should be directly measured and treated to values listed above. Alternatively, the non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level can be calculated with a goal of <3.36 mmol/l (<130 mg/dl), and in high-risk patients the level should be <2.59 mmol/l (<100 mg/dl).
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- Dietary modification should be the initial intervention to control abnormal lipid levels.
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- In symptomatic PAD patients, statins should be the primary agents to lower LDL-cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
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- Fibrates and/or niacin to raise HDL-cholesterol levels and lower triglyceride levels should be considered in patients with PAD who have abnormalities of those lipid fractions.
Control of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease patients
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- All patients with hypertension should have blood pressure controlled to <140/90 mm Hg or <130/80 mm Hg if they also have diabetes or renal insufficiency.
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- JNC VII and European guidelines for the management of hypertension in PAD should be followed.
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- Thiazides and ACE inhibitors should be considered as initial blood-pressure lowering drugs in PAD to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
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- Beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs are not contraindicated in PAD.
Control of diabetes in peripheral arterial disease
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- Patients with diabetes and PAD should have aggressive control of blood glucose levels with a haemoglobin A1c goal of <7.0% or as close to 6% as possible.
Use of folate supplementation in peripheral arterial disease
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- Patients with PAD and other evidence of cardiovascular disease should not be given folate supplements to reduce their risk of cardiovascular events.
Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease
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- All symptomatic patients with or without a history of other cardiovascular disease should be prescribed an antiplatelet drug long term to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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- Aspirin® (ASA) is effective in patients with PAD who also have clinical evidence of other forms of cardiovascular disease (coronary or carotid).
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- The use of Aspirin® in patients with PAD who do not have clinical evidence of other forms of cardiovascular disease can be considered.
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- Clopidogrel is effective in reducing cardiovascular events in a subgroup of patients with symptomatic PAD, with or without other clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease.
Exercise therapy in intermittent claudication
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- Supervised exercise should be made available as part of the initial treatment for all patients with peripheral arterial disease.
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- The most effective programs employ treadmill or track walking that is of sufficient intensity to bring on claudication, followed by rest, over the course of a 30 to 60 minutes session. Exercise sessions are typically conducted three times a week for 3 months.
Pharmacotherapy for symptoms of intermittent claudication
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- A 3 to 6 month course of cilostazol should be first-line pharmacotherapy for the relief of claudication symptoms, as evidence shows both an improvement in treadmill exercise performance and in quality of life.
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- Naftidrofuryl can also be considered for treatment of claudication symptoms.
Multidisciplinary approach to treatment of critical limb ischaemia (CLI)
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- A multidisciplinary approach is optimal to control pain, cardiovascular risk factors and other co-morbid disease.
Optimal treatment for patients with critical limb ischaemia
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- Revascularisation is the optimal treatment for patients with CLI.
Treatment for infections in critical limb ischaemia
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- Systemic antibiotic therapy is required in CLI patients who develop cellulitis or spreading infection.
Multidisciplinary care in critical limb ischaemia
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- Patients with CLI who develop foot ulceration require multidisciplinary care to avoid limb loss.
Anticoagulant therapy in acute limb ischaemia (ALI)
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- Immediate parenteral anticoagulant therapy is indicated in all patients with ALI. In patients expected to undergo imminent imaging/therapy on arrival, heparin should be given.
Antiplatelet drugs as adjuvant pharma-cotherapy after revascularisation
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- Antiplatelet therapy should be started preoperatively and continued as adjuvant pharmacotherapy after an endovascular or surgical procedure.
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- Unless subsequently contraindicated, this should be continued indefinitely.
Clinical surveillance program for bypass grafts
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- Patients undergoing bypass graft placement in the lower extremity for the treatment of claudication or limb-threatening ischaemia should be entered into a clinical surveillance program. This program should consist of: (1.) interval history (new symptoms); (2.) vascular examination of the leg with palpation of proximal, graft and outflow vessel pulses; (3.) periodic measurement of resting and, if possible, post-exercise ankle-brachial indices.
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- Clinical surveillance programs should be performed in the immediate postoperative period and at regular intervals (usually every 6 months) for at least 2 years.
Key messages
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- Zwei Drittel aller PAVK-Patienten sind asymptomatisch oder haben atypische Befunde – das kardiovaskuläre Risiko ist aber genau so stark erhöht wie bei symptomatischer PAVK. Diese Patienten gilt es mittels ABI-Messung zu identifizieren.
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- Der ABI in Ruhe und nach Belastung hat eine gute Sensitivität und Spezifität. Messung des Blutdrucks an den Zehen (TBI), des transkutanen Sauerstoffdrucks (tcPO2) und Oszillographie sind weiterführende diagnostische Untersuchungstests.
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- Die Duplexsonographie ist die Bildgebung der ersten Wahl. MR- und CT-Angiographie sind als Übersichtsbilder nur zur Evaluation für ein chirurgisches Vorgehen indiziert.
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- Konsequente Therapie der Risikofaktoren, Thrombozytenfunktionshemmer und Gehtraining sind die absolut notwendige Basistherapie bei PAVK.
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- Die Kathetertherapie ermöglicht bei Claudicatio intermittens eine rasche Mobilisation. Kathetertherapie aber nur in Kombination mit Gehtraining.
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- Ein chirurgisches Vorgehen ist, von Einzelfällen abgesehen, erst ab Stadium III (CLI) zu erwägen.
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- Nachsorge: Unmittelbar nach Intervention, danach alle 6 Monate während mindestens 2 Jahren.
References
- Norgren, L.; Hiatt, W.R.; Dormandy, J.A.; Nehler, M.R.; Harris, K.A.; Fowkes, F.G.; TASC II Working Group. Intersociety consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2997, 33 (Suppl. 1), S1–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norgren, L.; Hiatt, W.R.; Dormandy, J.A.; Nehler, M.R.; Harris, K.A.; Fowkes, F.G.; TASC II Working Group. Intersociety consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2997, 45 (Suppl. S), S5–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hirsch, A.T.; Haskal, Z.J.; Herzer, N.R.; et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): Executive summary of a collaborative report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47, 1239–1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jäger, K.A.; Amann-Vesti, B.; Banyai, M.; Baumgartner, I.; Bounameaux, H.; Frauchiger, B.; et al. Schweizer Richtlinien zum Management von PAVK-Patienten in der Grundversorgerpraxis. Schweiz Med Forum. 2007, 7, 621–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2007 by the authors. Attribution - Non-Commercial - NoDerivatives 4.0.
Share and Cite
Jäger, K.A.; Amann-Vesti, B.; Banyai, M.; Baumgartner, I.; Bounameaux, H.; Frauchiger, B.; Groechenig, E.; Hayoz, D.; Holtz, D.; Stricker, H.; et al. Schweizer Richtlinien Zum Management von Pavk-Patienten Durch Den Facharzt. Cardiovasc. Med. 2007, 10, 403. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2007.01287
Jäger KA, Amann-Vesti B, Banyai M, Baumgartner I, Bounameaux H, Frauchiger B, Groechenig E, Hayoz D, Holtz D, Stricker H, et al. Schweizer Richtlinien Zum Management von Pavk-Patienten Durch Den Facharzt. Cardiovascular Medicine. 2007; 10(12):403. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2007.01287
Chicago/Turabian StyleJäger, Kurt A., Beatrice Amann-Vesti, Martin Banyai, Iris Baumgartner, Henri Bounameaux, Beat Frauchiger, Ernst Groechenig, Daniel Hayoz, Daniel Holtz, Hans Stricker, and et al. 2007. "Schweizer Richtlinien Zum Management von Pavk-Patienten Durch Den Facharzt" Cardiovascular Medicine 10, no. 12: 403. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2007.01287
APA StyleJäger, K. A., Amann-Vesti, B., Banyai, M., Baumgartner, I., Bounameaux, H., Frauchiger, B., Groechenig, E., Hayoz, D., Holtz, D., Stricker, H., & Desalmand, D. (2007). Schweizer Richtlinien Zum Management von Pavk-Patienten Durch Den Facharzt. Cardiovascular Medicine, 10(12), 403. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2007.01287