Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inhibitors
2.2. SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron Spike Pseudotyped Murine Leukemia Virus (BA.1 MLVOMVLPs)
2.3. Neutralization Test
2.4. Viruses
2.5. Infection Experiments
2.6. Cell Culture
2.7. Determination of the Amount of Viral RNA Copies from Released Viruses by Quantitive Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
2.8. One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional 1H-NMR Analysis of Iota-, Kappa- and Lambda-Carrageenan
2.9. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of the Carrageenans
2.10. Field Flow Fractionation and Molecular Weight Determination of Iota-Carrageenan via Refractive Index (RI) and Light Scattering (LS)
2.11. Software and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Iota-Carrageenan with Other Sulfated and Non-Sulfated Polymers in Their Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1
3.2. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2OM BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 in Calu-3 Human Lung Cells
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Setz, C.; Große, M.; Fröba, M.; Auth, J.; Rauch, P.; Herrmann, A.; Cordsmeier, A.; Ensser, A.; Schindler, M.; Morokutti-Kurz, M.; et al. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Nutraceuticals 2023, 3, 315-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3030025
Setz C, Große M, Fröba M, Auth J, Rauch P, Herrmann A, Cordsmeier A, Ensser A, Schindler M, Morokutti-Kurz M, et al. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Nutraceuticals. 2023; 3(3):315-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3030025
Chicago/Turabian StyleSetz, Christian, Maximilian Große, Maria Fröba, Janina Auth, Pia Rauch, Alexandra Herrmann, Arne Cordsmeier, Armin Ensser, Michael Schindler, Martina Morokutti-Kurz, and et al. 2023. "Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5" Nutraceuticals 3, no. 3: 315-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3030025
APA StyleSetz, C., Große, M., Fröba, M., Auth, J., Rauch, P., Herrmann, A., Cordsmeier, A., Ensser, A., Schindler, M., Morokutti-Kurz, M., Graf, P., Engel, B., Prieschl-Grassauer, E., Grassauer, A., & Schubert, U. (2023). Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Nutraceuticals, 3(3), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3030025