Vulnerability of Newborns to Environmental Factors: Findings from Community Based Surveillance Data in Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. CHW Training
2.3. Data
2.4. Measurement and Analysis
2.5. Ethical Clearance
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Sylhet (2004–2005) | Mirzapur (2004–2006) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months | Temperature [°C] | Rain [mm] | Humidity [%] | Heat-Humidity Index (HHI) | Temperature [°C] | Rain [mm] | Humidity [%] | Heat-Humidity Index (HHI) |
January | 19.3 | 0.0 | 74.8 | 65.5 | 17.7 | 0.2 | 81.2 | 63.3 |
February | 22.2 | 1.0 | 66.6 | 69.4 | 22.3 | 0.1 | 73.1 | 70.0 |
March | 25.6 | 6.9 | 70.7 | 74.8 | 26.4 | 0.7 | 68.9 | 76.0 |
April | 25.9 | 15.3 | 76.5 | 76.0 | 28.1 | 2.7 | 75.3 | 79.2 |
May | 27.1 | 20.4 | 79.2 | 78.2 | 29.2 | 6.4 | 76.7 | 81.2 |
June | 28.6 | 15.1 | 83.9 | 81.2 | 29.5 | 9.9 | 83.7 | 82.7 |
July | 28.2 | 38.3 | 86.5 | 80.9 | 29.1 | 9.5 | 84.8 | 82.2 |
August | 29.3 | 18.9 | 84.8 | 82.5 | 29.5 | 7.9 | 84.1 | 82.7 |
September | 28.6 | 13.3 | 84.5 | 81.3 | 28.9 | 23.0 | 86.2 | 82.0 |
October | 27.1 | 8.0 | 82.6 | 78.6 | 27.3 | 8.2 | 84.1 | 79.0 |
November | 24.2 | 0.1 | 74.6 | 73.1 | 23.6 | 0.0 | 80.9 | 72.7 |
December | 21.8 | 0.2 | 69.9 | 69.0 | 20.2 | 0.0 | 80.2 | 67.2 |
Mean (sd) | 25.7 (±3.2) | 11.5 (±11.3) | 77.9 (±6.8) | 75.9 (±5.6) | 26.0 (±4.0) | 5.7 (±6.8) | 79.9 (±5.3) | 76.5 (±6.7) |
Range | 19.3, 29.3 | 0.0, 38.3 | 66.6, 86.5 | 65.5, 82.5 | 17.7, 29.5 | 0.0, 23.0 | 68.9, 86.2 | 63.3, 82.7 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | P value | Odds Ratio | P value | Odds Ratio | P value | |
Sylhet | ||||||
Temperature | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | 0.00 | ||||
Humidity | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.32 | ||||
Rainfall | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 | ||||
Heat Humidity | ||||||
Index (HHI) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | 0.00 | ||||
High Risk Month | ||||||
(June–August) | 1.72 (1.32, 2.23) | 0.00 | ||||
Mirzapur | ||||||
Temperature | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | 0.00 | ||||
Humidity | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.83 | ||||
Rainfall | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.48 | ||||
Heat Humidity | ||||||
Index (HHI) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.00 | ||||
High Risk Month | ||||||
(April–September) | 1.62 (1.33, 1.96) | 0.00 |
Sylhet | Mirzapur | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall n = 6936 (%) | High-risk month n = 2057 (%) | Low-risk month n = 4879 (%) | Overall n = 5900 (%) | High-risk month n = 2542 (%) | Low-risk month n = 3358 (%) | |
VSD | 309 (4.5) | 128 (6.2) * | 181 (3.7) | 352 (6.0) | 193 (7.6) * | 159 (4.7) |
Convulsion | 23 (0.3) | 11 (0.5) | 12 (0.3) | 10 (0.2) | 8 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) |
Respiratory rate 70/min or higher | 115 (1.7) | 54 (2.6) * | 61 (1.3) | 84 (1.4) | 61 (2.4) * | 23 (0.7) |
Severe chest in-drawing | 17 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 8 (0.2) | 11 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) |
Temperature > 101 °F | 24 (0.4) | 17 (0.8) * | 7 (0.1) | 19 (0.3) | 16 (0.6) * | 3 (0.1) |
Temperature < 95.5 °F | 84 (1.2) | 23 (1.1) | 61 (1.3) | 84 (1.4) | 24 (0.9) | 60 (1.8) * |
Unconsciousness | 7 (0.1) | 5 (0.2) | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
Skin problems | 23 (0.3) | 11 (0.5) | 12 (0.3) | 54 (0.9) | 29 (1.1) | 25 (0.7) |
Umbilical redness extending to skin | 9 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | 10 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) |
Week, abnormal or absent cry | 64 (0.9) | 22 (1.2) | 42 (0.9) | 48 (0.8) | 27 (1.2) | 21 (0.6) |
Lethargic, less than normal movement | 91 (1.3) | 33 (1.6) | 58 (1.2) | 83 (1.4) | 43 (1.7) | 40 (1.2) |
Not able to feed or not suck at all | 94 (1.4) | 30 (1.5) | 64 (1.3) | 123 (2.1) | 58 (2.3) | 65 (1.9) |
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Share and Cite
Mannan, I.; Choi, Y.; Coutinho, A.J.; Chowdhury, A.I.; Rahman, S.M.; Seraji, H.R.; Bari, S.; Shah, R.; Winch, P.J.; El Arifeen, S.; et al. Vulnerability of Newborns to Environmental Factors: Findings from Community Based Surveillance Data in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3437-3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083437
Mannan I, Choi Y, Coutinho AJ, Chowdhury AI, Rahman SM, Seraji HR, Bari S, Shah R, Winch PJ, El Arifeen S, et al. Vulnerability of Newborns to Environmental Factors: Findings from Community Based Surveillance Data in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(8):3437-3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083437
Chicago/Turabian StyleMannan, Ishtiaq, Yoonjoung Choi, Anastasia J. Coutinho, Atique I. Chowdhury, Syed Moshfiqur Rahman, Habib R. Seraji, Sanwarul Bari, Rasheduzzaman Shah, Peter J. Winch, Shams El Arifeen, and et al. 2011. "Vulnerability of Newborns to Environmental Factors: Findings from Community Based Surveillance Data in Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 8: 3437-3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083437