Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Food Consumption Data
2.3. Fluoride Concentrations of Tap Water and Bottled Water
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Mean | SE | P50 | P95 | P97,5 | P99 | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non alcoholic beverages of which | 1,446 | 13 | 1,361 | 1,552 | 2,868 | 3,277 | 1,923 |
Tap water | |||||||
Fruit and vegetable juices | 63 | 2 | 32 | 225 | 281 | 357 | 668 |
Carbonated/ soft /isotonic drinks, diluted | 219 | 6 | 145 | 727 | 902 | 1,143 | 930 |
Coffee, tea and herbal teas | 502 | 9 | 445 | 1,205 | 1,484 | 1,802 | 1,506 |
Coffee | 409 | 8 | 348 | 1,062 | 1,321 | 1,663 | 1,350 |
Tea and herbal teas | 84 | 4 | 0 | 423 | 562 | 745 | 463 |
Tap water | 73 | 4 | 0 | 427 | 603 | 843 | 429 |
Bottled water | |||||||
Mineral and source water | 526 | 10 | 428 | 1,386 | 1,631 | 1,979 | 1,438 |
Mineral and source water, non carbonated | 405 | 9 | 299 | 1,276 | 1,461 | 1,767 | 1,189 |
Mineral and source water, carbonated | 117 | 5 | 0 | 537 | 700 | 921 | 498 |
Mean | SE | P50 | P95 | P97,5 | P99 | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non alcoholic beverages of which | 1,370 | 14 | 1,326 | 2,232 | 2,462 | 2,758 | 1,158 |
Tap water | |||||||
Fruit and vegetable juices | 60 | 2 | 33 | 210 | 263 | 335 | 432 |
Carbonated/ soft /isotonic drinks, diluted | 190 | 6 | 138 | 588 | 703 | 856 | 504 |
Coffee, tea and herbal teas | 363 | 8 | 322 | 853 | 1,006 | 1,223 | 916 |
Coffee | 303 | 8 | 267 | 787 | 958 | 1,184 | 832 |
Tea and herbal teas | 49 | 3 | 0 | 254 | 324 | 420 | 203 |
Tap water | 132 | 7 | 0 | 632 | 826 | 1,085 | 366 |
Bottled water | |||||||
Mineral and source water | 550 | 12 | 492 | 1,315 | 1,493 | 1,713 | 857 |
Mineral and source water, non carbonated | 446 | 11 | 373 | 1,188 | 1,368 | 1,574 | 755 |
Mineral and source water, carbonated | 99 | 6 | 0 | 547 | 727 | 962 | 202 |
Average | SE*10−2 | P50 | P95 | P97,5 | P99 | N | % tap water | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 1923 | 82 |
Sex | ||||||||
Men | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 971 | 84 |
Women | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 952 | 80 |
Age (years) | ||||||||
15–18 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 488 | 80 |
19–59 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 510 | 81 |
60–74 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 481 | 83 |
>75 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 444 | 83 |
Average | SE*10−2 | P50 | P95 | P97,5 | P99 | N | % tap water | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 0 | 63 |
Sex | ||||||||
Men | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 575 | 70 |
Women | 0.9 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 585 | 58 |
Age (years) | ||||||||
15–18 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 272 | 62 |
19–59 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 320 | 64 |
60–74 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 308 | 60 |
>75 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 260 | 64 |
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Vandevijvere, S.; Horion, B.; Fondu, M.; Mozin, M.-J.; Ulens, M.; Huybrechts, I.; Van Oyen, H.; Noirfalise, A. Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1676-1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676
Vandevijvere S, Horion B, Fondu M, Mozin M-J, Ulens M, Huybrechts I, Van Oyen H, Noirfalise A. Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(5):1676-1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676
Chicago/Turabian StyleVandevijvere, Stefanie, Benoit Horion, Michel Fondu, Marie-Josée Mozin, Michèle Ulens, Inge Huybrechts, Herman Van Oyen, and Alfred Noirfalise. 2009. "Fluoride Intake through Consumption of Tap Water and Bottled Water in Belgium" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 5: 1676-1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051676