Estimated Time for Occurrence of Smoking-Related Consequences among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
Abstract
:Objectives:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusion:
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Methods and Data Management
3. Results
3.1. Specification of the Sample
3.2. Estimated Time for Consequences to Occur Given Continuing or Quitting Smoking
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
References
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Somatic health consequences |
Your physical condition becomes worse |
You are afflicted with heart disease |
You feel pain in your chest |
You get lung cancer |
Your life expectancy becomes shorter |
You lose some of your physical strength
|
Consequences related to mood and social relations |
Others like you |
You have good relations with others |
You feel free to do whatever you wish |
Your self-confidence improves |
You satisfy others who worry about your health |
You feel pleasure and satisfaction
|
Consequences related to pregnancy |
You worry about the future health of your unborn child |
You influence the condition of your fetus in a negative manner |
Your home environment is unhealthy for children |
Your own health during pregnancy is at risk |
Your home environment can cause allergy in children |
Your child will become a smoker |
You have a miscarriage |
You have a child with a low birth weight |
You have a difficult child delivery |
Mean | SD | Median | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnant women not intending to quit (n=20) | ||||
Age | 24.1 | 3.28 | 24.0 | 20–30 |
Number of years of smoking | 5.1 | 3.15 | 4.5 | 1–11 |
Number of earlier attempts | 1.8 | 2.63 | 1.0 | 0–10 |
Pregnant women intending to quit (n=20) | ||||
Age | 25.2 | 3.96 | 24.5 | 20–31 |
Number of years of smoking | 5.8 | 2.51 | 5.0 | 3–13 |
Number of earlier attempts | 2.4 | 2.22 | 2.0 | 0–10 |
Number of cigarettes per day | 11.2 | 4.66 | 10.0 | 4–20 |
Non-pregnant women not intending to quit (n=20) | ||||
Age | 26.7 | 3.86 | 27.5 | 20–31 |
Number of years of smoking | 8.7 | 4.22 | 9.5 | 2–16 |
Number of earlier attempts | 4.0 | 2.96 | 3.5 | 0–12 |
Number of cigarettes per day | 10.2 | 3.86 | 10.0 | 4–20 |
Total (n=80) | ||||
Age | 25.1 | 3.79 | 25.0 | 20–31 |
Number of years of smoking | 6.5 | 3.51 | 6.0 | 1–16 |
Number of earlier attempts | 2.5 | 2.52 | 2.0 | 0–12 |
Number of cigarettes per day | 10.5 | 4.58 | 10.0 | 4–20 |
Kruskal-Wallis test for group differences | Chi-Square | df | p-value | |
Age | 4.805 | 3 | 0.187 | |
Number of years of smoking | 7.223 | 3 | 0.065 | |
Number of earlier attempts | 13.797 | 3 | 0.003** | |
Number of cigarettes per day | 2.429 | 3 | 0.488 |
Somatic health | Mood and social relations | Pregnancy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-value | Probability | F-value | Probability | F-value | Probability | |
TIME | ||||||
continuing smoking | ||||||
PREGNANT | 2.19 | 0.14 | 8.16 | 0.0055* | – | – |
QUITTING | 4.41 | 0.0391* | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.38 |
PREGNANT*QUITTING | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 12.45 | 0.0001* |
DAYS | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 12.45 | 0.0001* |
PREGNANT*QUITTING | 0.12 | 0.74 | 0.17 | 0.68 | – | – |
PREGNANT*DAYS | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.73 | – | – |
QUITTING*DAYS | 0.75 | 0.63 | 1.20 | 0.30 | 1.94 | 0.06 |
TIME | ||||||
quitting smoking | ||||||
PREGNANT | 0.50 | 0.48 | 9.03 | 0.0036* | – | – |
QUITTING | 0.03 | 0.86 | 5.21 | 0.0252* | 0.08 | 0.78 |
DAYS | 0.47 | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 2.35 | 0.0240 |
PREGNANT*QUITTING | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.70 | – | – |
PREGNANT*DAYS | 1.01 | 0.42 | 1.20 | 0.30 | – | – |
QUITTING*DAYS | 0.92 | 0.49 | 1.43 | 0.19 | 2.18 | 0.359* |
PREGNANT*QUITTING*DAYS | 1.19 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.86 | – | – |
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Ortendahl, M.; Uttermalm, A.; Simonsson, B.; Näsman, P.; Wallsten, T. Estimated Time for Occurrence of Smoking-Related Consequences among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1665-1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051665
Ortendahl M, Uttermalm A, Simonsson B, Näsman P, Wallsten T. Estimated Time for Occurrence of Smoking-Related Consequences among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(5):1665-1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051665
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtendahl, Monica, Alf Uttermalm, Bo Simonsson, Per Näsman, and Tuula Wallsten. 2009. "Estimated Time for Occurrence of Smoking-Related Consequences among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 5: 1665-1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051665