Rental Housing Type and Self-Reported General Health and Mental Health Status: Evidence from the Canadian Housing Survey 2018–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Health Disparities across the Sociodemographic Factors
3.3. Health Disparities across Housing-Related Factors
3.4. Association between Housing Tenancy Types and Tenant’s Poor General Health and Mental Health
3.5. The Association between Tenancy Housing Type and Health Status Moderated by Equity-Seeking Groups
3.5.1. General Health
3.5.2. Mental Health
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description and Categories |
---|---|
Age | Age (in years) of the survey respondents, categorised as: 15–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–64 years, and 65+ years. |
Gender | Self-reported gender identity, categorised as Male, and Female. |
Ethnocultural identity | Ethnocultural background, categorised as Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC), and White. |
Educational status | Highest educational level, categorised as Less than high school, High school diploma, Trade certificate/Diploma, College/non-university degree, University certificate/diploma, Bachelor, and University degree/diploma above Bachelor |
Occupation | Main activity in past 12 months, categorised as Working, Looking for work, Going to school, Keeping house, Caring for other family members and young children, Retired, Long-term illness/disability, Doing volunteer work, and No main activity. |
Household or Family size | Total no. of family members categorised as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5+. |
Household composition | Household composition was categorised as Couple with children, Couple without children, Lone parent family, and Person not in a census family. |
Dwelling satisfaction | Dwelling satisfaction among the tenants was categorised as Very satisfied, Satisfied, Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, Very dissatisfied. |
Dwelling issues | Three variables represented housing quality included dwelling issues—presence of mould/mildew, presence of unwanted pests, and presence of poor air quality. Based on these variables we have created a composite variable and categorised as No issue, One issue, Two issues, and Three issues. |
Dwelling needs repair | Dwelling needs repair was dichotomised as No and Yes. |
Residential mobility | Length of stay at current residence, categorised as <2 years, 2–5 years, 6–9 years, and 10+ years. |
Neighbourhood satisfaction | Neighbourhood satisfaction was categorised as Very satisfied, Satisfied, Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, Dissatisfied, Very dissatisfied. |
Neighbourhood safety | Neighbourhood safety was categorised as Very safe, Reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe, Very unsafe, and Do not walk alone. |
Household income ratio to median | Annual household income was compared with the provincial median, which takes account of income variations between provinces and territories in relation to the respective size of their economy. Household income indicator was based on the adjusted income of households according to their size (adjusted household income was obtained by dividing total income by the square root of their size). Household income ratio to provincial median income was categorised as Below 40%, 40% to 80%, 81% to 120%, and Above 120%. |
Province of residence | Province/territories of current residence categorised as Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. |
Variables | Weighted % | General Health Status (Poor) Weighted % | Mental Health Status (Poor) Weighted % |
---|---|---|---|
N = 26,371 (100%) | n = 5143 (19.5%) | n = 4299 (16.3%) | |
Tenancy housing type | |||
Government | 6.5 | 37.0 | 20.3 |
Not for profit | 3.1 | 30.8 | 22.7 |
Cooperative | 6.8 | 22.4 | 17.4 |
Private | 83.6 | 17.5 | 15.7 |
Received Subsidy | |||
No | 85.7 | 16.8 | 15.2 |
Yes | 14.3 | 35.8 | 23.2 |
Age (in years) | |||
15–24 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 19.3 |
25–34 | 41.0 | 9.8 | 17.1 |
35–64 | 30.4 | 22.3 | 18.5 |
65+ | 22.6 | 26.2 | 9.9 |
Gender | |||
Male | 48.3 | 18.9 | 15.1 |
Female | 51.7 | 20.0 | 17.5 |
Ethnicity | |||
BIPOC | 28.1 | 17.4 | 13.6 |
White | 71.9 | 20.3 | 17.4 |
Educational status | |||
Less than high school | 13.7 | 33.1 | 19.1 |
High school diploma | 23.7 | 22.8 | 18.0 |
Trade certificate/diploma | 8.2 | 20.7 | 17.0 |
College/non-university degree | 19.0 | 19.9 | 16.6 |
University certificate/diploma | 5.2 | 15.2 | 16.7 |
Bachelor | 18.2 | 11.4 | 14.4 |
University degree/diploma above Bachelor | 12.0 | 10.1 | 11.6 |
Occupation | |||
Working | 54.6 | 11.3 | 13.6 |
Looking for work | 3.0 | 15.8 | 21.6 |
Going to school | 7.1 | 9.3 | 15.1 |
Keeping house | 2.6 | 24.4 | 16.8 |
Caring for other family members and young children | 3.9 | 21.0 | 18.8 |
Retired | 18.1 | 25.1 | 9.0 |
Long-term illness/disability | 7.0 | 72.7 | 50.7 |
Doing volunteer work | 1.2 | 19.2 | 17.5 |
No main activity | 2.6 | 33.3 | 24.2 |
Household or Family size | |||
1 | 43.4 | 23.9 | 18.4 |
2 | 29.9 | 15.6 | 15.5 |
3 | 10.6 | 16.5 | 16.8 |
4 | 8.7 | 16.7 | 11.9 |
5+ | 7.3 | 17.0 | 11.9 |
Household composition | |||
Couple with children | 17.8 | 14.6 | 10.0 |
Couple without children | 19.6 | 14.9 | 13.0 |
Lone parent family | 11.0 | 21.2 | 20.7 |
Person not in a census family | 51.6 | 22.6 | 18.8 |
Household income ratio to median | |||
Below 40% | 7.9 | 36.3 | 32.6 |
40% to 80% | 31.5 | 26.9 | 19.6 |
81% to 120% | 24.4 | 17.7 | 13.7 |
Above 120% | 36.2 | 10.6 | 11.7 |
Province of residence | |||
Newfoundland and Labrador | 0.8 | 22.1 | 22.4 |
Prince Edward Island | 0.4 | 20.9 | 15.9 |
Nova Scotia | 2.8 | 23.6 | 21.0 |
New Brunswick | 1.7 | 23.9 | 20.9 |
Quebec | 30.0 | 15.7 | 10.3 |
Ontario | 36.7 | 21.8 | 17.9 |
Manitoba | 3.2 | 20.9 | 17.0 |
Saskatchewan | 2.4 | 20.2 | 19.0 |
Alberta | 8.8 | 18.8 | 20.8 |
British Columbia | 13.0 | 20.2 | 19.9 |
Yukon | 0.1 | 15.9 | 26.1 |
Northwest Territories | 0.1 | 18.1 | 13.1 |
Nunavut | 0.2 | 19.3 | 11.6 |
Dwelling satisfaction | |||
Very satisfied | 23.1 | 15.6 | 10.6 |
Satisfied | 47.7 | 16.9 | 14.0 |
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 18.3 | 23.3 | 22.6 |
Dissatisfied | 8.5 | 30.0 | 27.0 |
Very dissatisfied | 2.4 | 40.8 | 31.4 |
Dwelling issue | |||
No issue | 64.2 | 16.2 | 12.9 |
One issue | 25.1 | 23.5 | 19.8 |
Two issues | 8.3 | 28.4 | 28.7 |
Three issues | 2.5 | 33.8 | 26.6 |
Dwelling needs repair | |||
No | 67.7 | 17.3 | 13.2 |
Yes | 32.3 | 24.2 | 22.7 |
Residential mobility | |||
<2 years | 25.3 | 15.8 | 17.2 |
2–5 years | 33.6 | 16.9 | 15.6 |
6–9 years | 19.7 | 20.4 | 16.8 |
10+ years | 21.5 | 27.0 | 16.0 |
Neighbourhood satisfaction | |||
Very satisfied | 33.4 | 14.6 | 11.8 |
Satisfied | 44.1 | 20.1 | 15.6 |
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 12.9 | 25.4 | 24.5 |
Dissatisfied | 5.1 | 29.4 | 27.4 |
Very dissatisfied | 1.5 | 33.9 | 38.0 |
Neighbourhood safety | |||
Very safe | 25.9 | 12.3 | 11.1 |
Reasonable safe | 42.2 | 17.2 | 15.6 |
Somewhat unsafe | 13.8 | 23.9 | 23.1 |
Very unsafe | 3.6 | 34.6 | 30.6 |
Do not walk alone | 14.5 | 31.1 | 17.8 |
Characteristics of Rental House | General Health Status (Poor) | Mental Health Status (Poor) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AOR † (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR † (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Tenancy housing type | ||||
Cooperative | 0.76 (0.70–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.54–0.61) | <0.001 |
Not for profit | 4.63 (4.15–5.16) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) | <0.001 |
Government | 0.67 (0.59–0.75) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.34–1.52) | <0.001 |
Private | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Received Subsidy | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.21 (1.20–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 |
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Kader, S.B.; Ahmed, M.S.; Desjarlais-deKlerk, K.; Leloup, X.; Simard, L.; Leviten-Reid, C.; Muhajarine, N. Rental Housing Type and Self-Reported General Health and Mental Health Status: Evidence from the Canadian Housing Survey 2018–2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091181
Kader SB, Ahmed MS, Desjarlais-deKlerk K, Leloup X, Simard L, Leviten-Reid C, Muhajarine N. Rental Housing Type and Self-Reported General Health and Mental Health Status: Evidence from the Canadian Housing Survey 2018–2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091181
Chicago/Turabian StyleKader, Shirmin Bintay, Md Sabbir Ahmed, Kristen Desjarlais-deKlerk, Xavier Leloup, Laurence Simard, Catherine Leviten-Reid, and Nazeem Muhajarine. 2024. "Rental Housing Type and Self-Reported General Health and Mental Health Status: Evidence from the Canadian Housing Survey 2018–2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091181