Associations between Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Past-Year Cannabis Use Frequency, Medical Use, and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)
2.2.2. Cannabis Consumption Methods
2.2.3. Cannabis Risk Perception
2.2.4. Sociodemographic Factors
2.2.5. Physical Health Status, Past-Year Mental Health Status, and Other Substance Use
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Health Status and Cannabis Risk Perceptions of Past-Year Cannabis Users
3.2. Cannabis Use Characteristics and Consumption Methods among Past-Year Cannabis Users
3.3. Associations between the Number of Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception: Multinomial Logistic Regression Results
3.4. Associations between the Modes of Consumption and Cannabis Risk Perception: Binary Logistic Regression Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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%/Mean (SE) | ||
---|---|---|
Age (years, %) | ||
18–34 | 47.3 | |
35–49 | 26.0 | |
50–64 | 19.0 | |
65+ | 7.7 | |
Male (%) | 54.9 | |
Race/ethnicity 9%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 64.1 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 12.7 | |
Hispanic | 16.1 | |
Other | 7.1 | |
College graduate (%) | 29.8 | |
Income (%) | ||
Below poverty line | 16.6 | |
Up to 2x poverty line | 20.3 | |
More than 2x poverty line | 63.2 | |
Number of medical conditions, M (SE) | 0.54 (0.02) | |
Past-year any mental illness (%) | ||
None | 60.6 | |
Mild | 14.7 | |
Moderate/severe | 14.7 | |
Past-year nicotine dependence (%) | 14.6 | |
Past-year alcohol use disorder (%) | 24.9 | |
Past-year psychotherapeutics use disorder (%) | 5.8 | |
Past-year any illicit drug use excluding cannabis (%) | 26.8 | |
Perceived risk of smoking 1–2 times a week (%) | ||
No risk | 49.9 | |
Slight risk | 37.5 | |
Moderate risk | 9.2 | |
Great risk | 2.9 | |
Missing | 0.5 |
%/Mean (SE) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Any medical use (%) | 16.9 | ||
Days cannabis was used (%) | |||
1–11 | 24.7 | ||
12–49 | 16.2 | ||
50–99 | 9.9 | ||
100–299 | 23.9 | ||
300+ | 25.3 | ||
Any past-year cannabis use disorder (%) | 30.4 | ||
Mild | 16.9 | ||
Moderate | 8.4 | ||
Severe | 5.1 | ||
Average no. of methods of cannabis consumption, M (SE) | 2.13 (0.03) | ||
Consumption methods in group (%) | |||
1 method | 44.0 | ||
2 methods | 24.5 | ||
3 methods | 16.2 | ||
4+ methods | 15.3 | ||
Specific method of consumption (%) | |||
Smoking | 78.6 | ||
Smoking only | 30.6 | ||
Eating or drinking | 47.3 | ||
Eating or drinking only | 9.2 | ||
Vaping | 35.7 | ||
Vaping only | 3.4 | ||
Dabbing waxes, shatter, or concentrates | 17.4 | ||
Dabbing waxes, shatter, or concentrations alone | 0.7 | ||
Lotion, cream, or patches to skin | 8.9 | ||
Drops, strips, lozenges, or sprays in mouth | 7.3 | ||
Pills | 2.6 | ||
Other methods | 15.3 |
Compared to Using Only One Method | |||
---|---|---|---|
2–3 Methods RRR (95% CI) | 4+ Methods RRR (95% CI) | ||
Risks of smoking cannabis 1–2 times a week: vs. No risk | |||
Slight risk | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | 0.83 (0.65–1.04) | |
Moderate risk | 0.82 (0.63–1.06) | 0.41 (0.25–0.67) ** | |
Great risk | 0.66 (0.38–1.15) | 0.40 (0.20–0.77) ** | |
Age: vs. 18–34 years | |||
35–49 years | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) ** | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) * | |
50–64 years | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) *** | 0.33 (0.22–0.50) *** | |
65+ years | 0.43 (0.30–0.61) *** | 0.34 (0.21–0.54) *** | |
Female vs. Male | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | |
Race/ethnicity: vs. Non-Hispanic White | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) *** | 0.27 (0.19–0.38) *** | |
Hispanic | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) * | 0.61 (0.46–0.82) ** | |
Other | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | |
College degree vs. no college degree | 1.28 (1.07–1.53) ** | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | |
Income: vs. More than 2x poverty line | |||
Below poverty line | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | |
Up to 2x poverty line | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) * | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) * | |
Number of medical conditions | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) ** | 1.33 (1.17–1.51) *** | |
Past-year any mental illness: vs. None | |||
Mild | 1.15 (0.91–1.44) | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | |
Moderate/severe | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 1.51 (1.13–2.02) ** | |
Any medicinal cannabis use: vs. no medicinal use | 1.48 (1.20–1.82) *** | 3.05 (2.33–3.99) *** | |
Cannabis use disorder severity: vs. no cannabis use disorder | |||
Mild | 1.81 (1.43–2.28) *** | 3.26 (2.46–4.33) *** | |
Moderate | 1.99 (1.35–2.93) ** | 4.44 (3.04–6.50) *** | |
Severe | 1.82 (1.35–2.44) *** | 5.66 (3.83–8.37) *** | |
Nicotine dependence | 0.54 (0.44–0.67) *** | 0.54 (0.40–0.74) *** | |
Alcohol use disorder | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | |
Any psychotherapeutics disorder | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | |
Illicit drug use excluding cannabis | 1.47 (1.23–1.75) *** | 2.03 (1.62–2.55) *** | |
Model statistics | N = 12,689; Population size: 58,499,557; Design df = 50; F (48,3) = 35.46; p = 0.007 |
Smoking Only | Eating/Drinking Only | Any Vaping | Any Dabbing | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
Risks of smoking cannabis 1–2 times a week: vs. No risk | |||||
Slight risk | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 1.36 (1.03–1.80) * | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | |
Moderate risk | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.70 (1.14–2.53) ** | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) * | 0.68 (0.44–1.06) | |
Great risk | 0.86 (0.56–1.30) | 2.81 (1.43–5.54) ** | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) | 0.49 (0.23–1.05) | |
Age: vs. 18–34 years | |||||
35–49 years | 1.30 (1.04–1.62) * | 1.41 (1.08–1.84) * | 0.65 (0.56–0.76) *** | 0.53 (0.44–0.65) | |
50–64 years | 2.28 (1.81–2.87) *** | 1.28 (0.87–1.90) | 0.32 (0.24–0.42) *** | 0.31 (0.20–0.48)*** | |
65+ years | 2.36 (1.70–3.27) *** | 1.32 (0.82–2.13) | 0.32 (0.22–20.48) *** | 0.20 (0.09–0.47)*** | |
Female vs. Male | 0.78 (0.64–0.94)* | 1.55 (1.19–1.99) ** | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) * | |
Race/ethnicity: vs. Non-Hispanic White | |||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 2.55 (1.99–3.27) *** | 0.75 (0.49–1.17) | 0.42 (0.32–0.54) *** | 0.32 (0.24–0.41) *** | |
Hispanic | 1.51 (1.23–1.85) *** | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) * | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) *** | |
Other | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | |
College degree vs. No college degree | 0.51 (0.42–0.63) *** | 2.28 (1.74–2.99) *** | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 0.49 (0.38–0.62) *** | |
Income: vs. More than 2x poverty line | |||||
Below poverty line | 1.45 (1.20–1.76) *** | 0.71 (0.45–1.11) | 0.85 (0.68–1.08) | 1.27 (1.03–1.57) * | |
Up to 2x poverty line | 1.60 (1.30–1.98) *** | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) ** | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) * | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | |
Number of medical conditions | 0.81 (0.70–0.94)** | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | |
Past-year any mental illness: vs. None | |||||
Mild | 0.82 (0.66–1.03) | 1.29 (0.90–1.86) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | |
Moderate/severe | 0.64 (0.52–0.80) *** | 1.41 (1.04–1.92) * | 1.18 (0.98–1.43) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | |
Any medicinal cannabis use: vs. no medicinal use | 0.63 (0.50–0.79) *** | 0.57 (9.34–0.93) * | 1.43 (1.19–1.71) *** | 1.85 (1.47–2.33) *** | |
Cannabis use disorder severity: vs. no cannabis use disorder | |||||
Mild | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) ** | 0.14 (0.05–0.36) ** | 2.26 (1.93–2.65) *** | 3.17 (2.51–4.00) *** | |
Moderate | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) * | 0.08 (0.03–0.18) *** | 2.54 (1.90–3.39) *** | 4.23 (3.09–5.79) *** | |
Severe | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) ** | 0.11 (0.03–0.38) ** | 2.45 (1.84–3.28) *** | 4.86 (3.42–6.89) *** | |
Nicotine dependence | 2.30 (1.80–2.93) *** | 0.42 (0.25–0.72) ** | 0.59 (0.49–0.72) *** | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | |
Alcohol use disorder | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) * | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 1.00 ((0.85–1.17) | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) * | |
Any psychotherapeutics disorder | 0.92 (0.57–1.46) | 1.70 (0.81–3.57) | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) | 1.09 (0.71–1.68) | |
Illicit drug use excluding cannabis | 0.63 (0.52–0.76) *** | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 1.77 (1.48–2.11) *** | 2.15 (1.73–2.68) *** | |
Model statistics | N = 12,689; Design df = 50; F (24,27) = 14.67; p < 0.001 | N = 12,689; Design df = 50; F (24,27) = 12.56; p < 0.001 | N = 12,689; Design df = 50; F (24,27) = 18.95; p < 0.001 | N = 12,689; Design df = 50; F (24,27) = 36.23; p < 0.001 |
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Choi, N.G.; Marti, C.N.; Choi, B.Y. Associations between Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080986
Choi NG, Marti CN, Choi BY. Associations between Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080986
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Namkee G., C. Nathan Marti, and Bryan Y. Choi. 2024. "Associations between Cannabis Consumption Methods and Cannabis Risk Perception" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080986