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Volume 21
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Review

Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review

by
Francesco Inchingolo
1,†,
Angelo Michele Inchingolo
1,†,
Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
1,*,
Maria Celeste Fatone
2,*,
Laura Ferrante
1,
Pasquale Avantario
1,
Arianna Fiore
1,
Andrea Palermo
3,
Tommaso Amenduni
2,
Francesco Galante
2 and
Gianna Dipalma
1
1
Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
2
PTA Trani-ASL BT, Viale Padre Pio, 76125 Trani, Italy
3
College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(7), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070860
Submission received: 24 April 2024 / Revised: 27 June 2024 / Accepted: 27 June 2024 / Published: 30 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Care: Oral and Systemic Disease Prevention)
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Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Due to the development of chronic inflammation, periodontitis can contribute to the development of several systemic diseases, including thyroid disease. Thyroid pathology includes benign, malignant, and autoimmune conditions leading to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroidism. Alterations in thyroid hormones, especially hypothyroidism, can reveal significant oral manifestations, including periodontitis. This scoping review aims to explore the probable causal relationship between periodontitis and thyroid disease, in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The search strategy follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched from January 2014 to January 2024, entering the MESH terms “periodontitis” and “thyroid”. Of 153 initial records, 20 articles were selected and discussed. There is a high prevalence of periodontitis among patients with thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. The causes at the basis of this association are genetic factors, the oral microbiome, and proinflammatory cytokines. Periodontal treatment, specifically scaling and root planning, can ameliorate thyroid parameters. Although there are a few randomized controlled studies in the literature, this review lays the foundation for a bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and thyroid disease, the link to which is, once again, systemic inflammation.
Keywords: cytokines; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; oral microbiome; periodontitis; scaling and root planning; thyroid cancer; thyroid disease cytokines; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; oral microbiome; periodontitis; scaling and root planning; thyroid cancer; thyroid disease

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Inchingolo, F.; Inchingolo, A.M.; Inchingolo, A.D.; Fatone, M.C.; Ferrante, L.; Avantario, P.; Fiore, A.; Palermo, A.; Amenduni, T.; Galante, F.; et al. Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070860

AMA Style

Inchingolo F, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo AD, Fatone MC, Ferrante L, Avantario P, Fiore A, Palermo A, Amenduni T, Galante F, et al. Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(7):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070860

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inchingolo, Francesco, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Maria Celeste Fatone, Laura Ferrante, Pasquale Avantario, Arianna Fiore, Andrea Palermo, Tommaso Amenduni, Francesco Galante, and et al. 2024. "Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 7: 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070860

APA Style

Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A. M., Inchingolo, A. D., Fatone, M. C., Ferrante, L., Avantario, P., Fiore, A., Palermo, A., Amenduni, T., Galante, F., & Dipalma, G. (2024). Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070860

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