Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol Development and Registration
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Databases and Search Strategy
2.4. Screening and Study Selection
2.5. Quality Assessment Criteria
- Is the study method scientifically sound?
- Is the laboratory method used for testing biological hazards appropriate?
- Are the descriptions of data analysis for key outputs (prevalence or concentration) accurate and precise?
- Are the results and findings clearly stated?
2.6. Data Extraction
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Calculation of DALY/Population of Cambodia
3. Results
3.1. Different Types of Research Initiatives
3.2. Frequency of Studies for Different Types of Biological Hazards
3.3. Number of Publications from 2000 to 2022
3.4. Number of Reviewed Studies in Each Province in Cambodia
3.5. Evidence of Biological Hazards Reported in POAOs in Cambodia
3.6. Prevalence of Bacterial Hazards and Hazard Indicators in POAO
3.6.1. Brucella spp.
3.6.2. Campylobacter spp.
3.6.3. Clostridioides (Cl.) difficile
3.6.4. Escherichia coli (E. coli)
3.6.5. Salmonella spp.
Salmonella (S.) enterica
3.6.6. Staphylococcus (Staph.) aureus
3.6.7. Vibrio (V.) Species
3.7. Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Several Bacteria Found in POAO
3.8. Evidence of Parasitic Hazards in Product of Animal Origins
3.8.1. Fasciola spp.
Fasiola gigantica
3.8.2. Gnathostoma spinigerum
3.8.3. Sarcocystis Species
3.8.4. Parasites in Pig/Pork Meat
3.8.5. Parasites in Fish and Fishery Products
3.9. Evidence of Viral Hazards in POAO
3.9.1. Astrovirus
3.9.2. Nipah Virus
3.9.3. Hepatitis E Virus
3.10. Biogenic Amines
3.11. Biotoxins
3.12. The Estimates of Regional and National Foodborne Disease Burden in Cambodia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMR | antimicrobial resistance |
ANOVA | Analysis of Variance |
BAM | Bacteriology Analytical Manual |
CARD | Council of Agriculture and Rural Development |
CCDC | Cambodia Communicable Disease Control |
CDC | Centre for Disease Control and Prevention |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
DALY | Disability-Adjusted Life Year |
EU | European Union |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
ESBL | extended-spectrum beta-lactamase |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
FBD | foodborne diseases |
FERG | Foodborne Epidemiology Reference Group |
FiA | Fisheries Administration |
FLD | fluorescence detector |
FORT | Foodborne Outbreak Report Team |
GAqPs | good aquaculture practices |
GDCE | General Directorate of Customs and Excise |
GHPs | good hygiene practices |
GMS | Greater Mekong Sub-region |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
HSD | Honestly Significant Difference |
ILRI | International Livestock Research Institute |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
KPI | Key performance indicator |
LC-MS | liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
LMIC | low- and middle-income countries |
MAFF | Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries |
MoC | Ministry of Commerce |
MU | Mouse units |
NFCS | National Food Control System |
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
POAO | product of animal origin |
ppm | parts per million |
PRISMA-P | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols |
PROSPERO | International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews |
SLR | systematic literature review |
STX 2HCl | Saxitoxin dihydrochloride, a marine and freshwater toxin reference material |
TCBS | Thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar |
UPLC | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography |
USA | United State of America |
USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
WFP | World Food Programme |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WPR | Western Pacific Region |
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Quality Criteria | Good | Medium | Poor |
---|---|---|---|
Scientific method | 1. Clear description of study subject, study setting, and sampling points in detail 2. Appropriate sampling method | 1. Detailed description of the study subject, study setting, and sampling points but somewhat unclear. 2. Sampling methods not well described but remain acceptable | 1. Study subject, study setting, and sampling points are not described at all. 2. Unclear/invalid sampling methods |
Testing method | 1. Standard laboratory testing methods were used (use of relevant ISO method or equivalent) | 1. The laboratory testing methods were acceptable or valid (use of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method or equivalent) | 1. The laboratory testing method was not acceptable or was invalid (the use of rapid test kits). |
Information for the key outputs | 1. Detailed information available for data analysis | 1. Sufficient information for data analysis | 1. Insufficient or unclear information for data analysis |
Results accuracy | 1. Detailed and accurate results | 1. Sufficient results for data extraction | 1. Insufficient or incomplete result presentation |
Scientific Name | Sampling Location/s | Sample No. | Sample Source | % of Positive Findings | Reference (Paper No. in Supplementary Materials S2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascaris spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 26.3 | 35 |
Ascarops spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 2.6 | 35 |
Balantidium coli | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 15.8 | 35 |
Blastocystis spp. | Preah Vihear | 73 | Fecal | 45.2 | 7 |
Capillaria spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 5.3 | 35 |
Eimeria spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 6.6 | 35 |
Entamoeba spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 31.6 | 35 |
Gnathostoma doloresi | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 9.2 | 35 |
Metastrongylus spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 19.7 | 35 |
Oesophagostomum spp. | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 73.7 | 35 |
Taenia spp. | Phnom Penh, Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng | 242 | Blood | 0–31.4 | 30 |
Taenia solium | Phnom Penh, Kahdal, and Kampong Speu | 1492 | Blood | 4.1–16.7 | 2, 28 |
Trichinella spp. | Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng | 1114 | Blood | 1.5–4.9 | 2, 30 |
Trichuris suis | Preah Vihear | 76 | Fecal | 19.7 | 35 |
Value | Highest Value of Tetrodotoxin in Horseshoe Crab Mouse Units (MU)/g [70] | Average Concentration of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin in Organs of Freshwater Pufferfish (mg STXdi·HCL eq/kg) [72] | Level of Tetrodotoxin in Skin and Reproductive Organs of Mekong Pufferfish (MU)/g [71] |
---|---|---|---|
Minimum | 38 | 0.5 | 4 |
Maximum | 315 | 99.4 | 37 |
Range | 277 | 98.9 | 33 |
Mean | 102.83 | 22.74 | 14.8 |
Biological Hazard | DALYs/100,000 People in WPR B | DALYs/16,767,842 (Cambodia) |
---|---|---|
Helminths | 162 | 27,163.9 |
Paragonimus spp. | 60 | 10,060.7 |
Cestodes | 45 | 7545.5 |
Salmonella Typhi | 36 | 6036.4 |
Clonorchis sinensis | 31 | 5198.0 |
Taenia solium | 27 | 4527.3 |
Echinococcus multilocularis | 18 | 3018.2 |
Aflatoxin | 17 | 2850.5 |
Ascaris spp. | 11 | 1844.5 |
Campylobacter spp. | 10 | 1676.8 |
Shigella | 9 | 1509.1 |
Toxoplasma gondii | 9 | 1509.1 |
Salmonella Paratyphi A | 8 | 1341.4 |
Enteropathogenic E. coli—EPEC | 5 | 838.4 |
Hepatitis A virus | 5 | 838.4 |
Enterotoxigenic E. coli—ETEC | 4 | 670.7 |
Non-typhoidal S. enterica | 4 | 670.7 |
Norovirus | 4 | 670.7 |
Opisthorchis spp. | 3 | 503.0 |
Listeria monocytogenes | 1 | 167.7 |
Fasciola spp. | 0.9 | 150.9 |
Brucella spp. | 0.6 | 100.6 |
Cryptosporidium spp. | 0.3 | 50.3 |
Entamoeba histolytica | 0.3 | 50.3 |
Giardia spp. | 0.3 | 50.3 |
Echinococcus granulosus | 0.3 | 50.3 |
Vibrio cholerae | 0.1 | 16.8 |
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli | 0.01 | 1.7 |
Trichinella spp. | 0.004 | 0.7 |
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San, S.P.; Chea, R.; Grace, D.; Roesel, K.; Tum, S.; Young, S.; Charaslertrangsi, T.; Zand, N.; Thombathu, S.S.; Thorng, R.; et al. Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121621
San SP, Chea R, Grace D, Roesel K, Tum S, Young S, Charaslertrangsi T, Zand N, Thombathu SS, Thorng R, et al. Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(12):1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121621
Chicago/Turabian StyleSan, Shwe Phue, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, and et al. 2024. "Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 12: 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121621
APA StyleSan, S. P., Chea, R., Grace, D., Roesel, K., Tum, S., Young, S., Charaslertrangsi, T., Zand, N., Thombathu, S. S., Thorng, R., Kong, L., Fidero, K., & Nicolaides, L. (2024). Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(12), 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121621