A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Its Association with Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics among People with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 561) | Total with Urine (n = 438) | Normal NMR (<0.3174) (n = 328) | High NMR (≥0.3174) (n = 110) | p-Value | Univariate OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | |||||||
Sex | |||||||
Female | 123 (22) | 95 (22) | 71 (22) | 24 (22) | 1.00 | REF | |
Male | 438 (78) | 343 (78) | 257 (78) | 86 (78) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.69) | 0.96 | |
Age, median (IQR) | 38 (31, 46) | 38 (31, 45) | 38 (31, 45) | 37 (30, 46) | 0.63 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.49 |
Age | |||||||
<40 | 317 (57) | 247 (57) | 181 (55) | 66 (60) | 0.60 | REF | |
≥40 | 243 (43) | 190 (43) | 146 (45) | 44 (40) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.39 | |
Education | |||||||
Below 12th grade | 472 (84) | 366 (84) | 281 (86) | 85 (77) | 0.06 | REF | |
12th grade or above | 89 (16) | 72 (16) | 47 (14) | 25 (23) | 1.76 (1.01, 3.0) | 0.04 | |
Employment | |||||||
Unemployed | 416 (74) | 324 (74) | 243 (74) | 81 (74) | 1.00 | REF | |
Employed | 145 (26) | 114 (26) | 85 (26) | 29 (26) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.66) | 0.93 | |
Total monthly family income | |||||||
≤1000 R | 234 (42) | 183 (42) | 133 (41) | 50 (45) | 0.44 | REF | |
>1000 R | 326 (58) | 254 (58) | 194 (59) | 60 (55) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 0.38 | |
Tobacco Use Behavior | |||||||
Heaviness of Smoking Index | |||||||
Low addiction | 144 (26) | 107 (24) | 82 (25) | 25 (23) | 0.71 | REF | |
Moderate addiction | 416 (74) | 330 (76) | 245 (75) | 85 (77) | 1.14 (0.69, 1.92) | 0.62 | |
Cigarettes per day | |||||||
<10 cigarettes | 277 (49) | 207 (47) | 157 (48) | 50 (45) | 0.74 | REF | |
≥10 cigarettes | 284 (51) | 231 (53) | 171 (52) | 60 (55) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.70) | 0.66 | |
Motivation to quit smoking, median (IQR) | 10 (9, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 0.84 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.51 |
Quit attempt in the past year | |||||||
No | 213 (38) | 158 (36) | 111 (34) | 47 (43) | 0.12 | REF | |
Yes | 348 (62) | 280 (64) | 217 (66) | 63 (57) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.09 | |
Exposed to secondhand smoke at home | |||||||
No | 378 (68) | 295 (68) | 221 (68) | 74 (68) | 1.00 | REF | |
Yes | 181 (32) | 141 (33) | 106 (32) | 35 (32) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.56) | 0.95 | |
Exposed to SHS at work a | |||||||
No | 67 (12) | 51 (37) | 42 (40) | 9 (26) | 0.21 | REF | |
Yes | 113 (20) | 87 (63) | 62 (60) | 25 (74) | 1.88 (0.82, 4.63) | 0.15 | |
Exhaled Breath CO (ppm) | 15 (9, 22) | 15 (9, 22) | 15 (9, 22) | 17 (9, 23) | 0.27 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.79 |
Smokescreen baseline analysis | |||||||
Light | 356 (70) | 274 (70) | 207 (70) | 67 (69) | 0.98 | REF | |
Moderate | 89 (17) | 67 (17) | 50 (17) | 17 (18) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.96 | |
Heavy | 65 (13) | 53 (13) | 40 (13) | 13 (13) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.20 | |
Other Substance Use | |||||||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
No alcohol misuse | 91 (23) | 63 (21) | 41 (19) | 22 (28) | 0.10 | REF | |
Alcohol misuse | 302 (77) | 236 (79) | 180 (81) | 56 (72) | 0.59 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.07 | |
Marijuana use | |||||||
No | 179 (60) | 138 (59) | 100 (58) | 38 (63) | 0.55 | REF | |
Yes | 120 (41) | 95 (41) | 73 (42) | 22 (37) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.44) | 0.45 | |
Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
Current Viral Load | |||||||
<200 copies/mL | 22 (25) | 18 (25) | 15 (25) | 3 (25) | 1.00 | REF | |
>200 copies/mL | 65 (75) | 54 (75) | 45 (75) | 9 (75) | 1.0 (0.25, 4.94) | 1.00 | |
Current CD4+ T cell count | |||||||
<200 cells/µL | 85 (25) | 69 (25) | 52 (25) | 17 (28) | 0.88 | REF | |
200–500 cells/µL | 159 (48) | 138 (50) | 103 (49) | 29 (48) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.73) | 0.67 | |
>500 cells/µL | 88 (27) | 70 (25) | 55 (26) | 15 (24) | 0.83 (0.37, 1.84) | 0.53 | |
High Blood Pressure Medication | |||||||
No | 499 (89) | 391 (89) | 292 (89) | 99 (90) | 0.91 | REF | |
Yes | 62 (11) | 47 (11) | 36 (11) | 11 (10) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.78) | 0.77 | |
Current TB | |||||||
No | 539 (96) | 419 (96) | 313 (96) | 106 (96) | 1.00 | REF | |
Yes | 21 (4) | 18 (4) | 14 (4) | 4 (4) | 0.84 (0.23, 2.41) | 0.77 | |
Current Cough | |||||||
No | 338 (60) | 270 (62) | 200 (61) | 70 (64) | 0.70 | REF | |
Yes | 223 (40) | 168 (38) | 128 (39) | 40 (36) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.39) | 0.62 |
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Keke, C.; Wilson, Z.; Lebina, L.; Motlhaoleng, K.; Abrams, D.; Variava, E.; Gupte, N.; Niaura, R.; Martinson, N.; Golub, J.E.; et al. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Its Association with Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics among People with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065090
Keke C, Wilson Z, Lebina L, Motlhaoleng K, Abrams D, Variava E, Gupte N, Niaura R, Martinson N, Golub JE, et al. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Its Association with Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics among People with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065090
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeke, Chukwudi, Zane Wilson, Limakatso Lebina, Katlego Motlhaoleng, David Abrams, Ebrahim Variava, Nikhil Gupte, Raymond Niaura, Neil Martinson, Jonathan E. Golub, and et al. 2023. "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Its Association with Sociodemographic and Smoking Characteristics among People with HIV Who Smoke in South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 5090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065090