Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Design and Subjects
2.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N | Total SSBs | Regular Soda | Fruit Drinks | Energy Drinks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | ||
All Participants | 3600 | 3368 (93.6%) | 232 (6.4%) | 3130 (86.9%) | 470 (13.1%) | 2159 (60.0%) | 1441 (40.0%) | 1491 (41.4%) | 2109 (58.6%) |
Nationality | |||||||||
Saudi Egyptian Yemeni Syrian Jordanian Sudanese Turkish Pakistani Afghan Indian Bangladeshi Filipino p-value * | 289 289 335 293 280 276 203 306 303 297 350 379 | 280 (96.9%) 286 (99.0%) 331 (98.8%) 276 (94.2%) 234 (83.6%) 243 (88.0%) 197 (97.0%) 294 (96.1%) 293 (96.7%) 288 (97.0%) 269 (76.9%) 377 (99.5%) ˂0.001 | 9 (3.1%) 3 (1.0%) 4 (1.2%) 17 (5.8%) 46 (16.4%) 33 (12.0%) 6 (3.0%) 12 (3.9%) 10 (3.3%) 9 (3.0%) 81 (23.1%) 2 (0.5%) | 257 (88.9%) 270 (93.4%) 299 (89.3%) 249 (85.0%) 206 (73.6%) 232 (84.1%) 184 (90.6%) 283 (92.5%) 279 (92.1%) 271 (91.2%) 249 (71.1%) 351 (92.6%) ˂0.001 | 32 (11.1%) 19 (6.6%) 36 (10.7%) 44 (15.0%) 74 (26.4%) 44 (15.9%) 19 (9.4%) 23 (7.5%) 24 (7.9%) 26 (8.8%) 101 (28.9%) 28 (7.4%) | 232 (80.3%) 216 (74.7%) 286 (85.4%) 218 (74.4%) 206 (73.6%) 56 (20.3%) 107 (52.7%) 147 (48.0%) 145 (47.9%) 138 (46.5%) 78 (22.3%) 330 (87.1%) ˂0.001 | 57 (19.7%) 73 (25.3%) 49 (14.6%) 75 (25.6%) 74 (26.4%) 220 (79.7%) 96 (47.3%) 159 (52.0%) 158 (52.1%) 159 (53.5%) 272 (77.7%) 49 (12.9%) | 123 (42.6%) 110 (38.1%) 168 (50.1%) 153 (52.2%) 103 (36.8%) 80 (29.0%) 92 (45.3%) 71 (23.2%) 134 (44.2%) 104 (35.0%) 106 (30.3%) 247 (65.2%) ˂0.001 | 166 (57.4%) 179 (61.9%) 167 (49.9%) 140 (47.8%) 177 (63.2%) 196 (71.0%) 111 (54.7%) 235 (76.8%) 169 (55.8%) 193 (65.0%) 244 (69.7%) 132 (34.8%) |
Residency Period in KSA | |||||||||
1–5 years 6 years or more p-value * | 2198 1402 | 2019 (91.9%) 1349 (96.2%) ˂0.001 | 179 (8.1%) 53 (3.8%) | 1985 (86.2%) 1235 (88.1%) 0.104 | 303 (13.8%) 167 (11.9%) | 1250 (56.9%) 909 (64.8%) ˂0.001 | 948 (43.1%) 493 (35.2%) | 928 (42.2%) 563 (40.2%) 0.220 | 1270 (57.8%) 839 (59.8%) |
Household Type | |||||||||
Non-family household Family household p-value * | 2920 680 | 2726 (93.4%) 642 (94.4%) 0.313 | 194 (6.6%) 38 (5.6%) | 2559 (87.6%) 571 (84.0%) 0.011 | 361 (12.4%) 109 (16.0%) | 1651 (56.5%) 508 (74.7%) ˂0.001 | 1269 (43.5%) 172 (25.3%) | 1225 (42.0%) 266 (39.1%) 0.177 | 1695 (58.0%) 414 (60.9%) |
Marital Status | |||||||||
Single Married p-value * | 1919 1681 | 1832 (95.5%) 1536 (91.4%) ˂0.001 | 87 (4.5%) 145 (8.6%) | 1705 (88.8%) 1425 (84.8%) ˂0.001 | 214 (11.2%) 256 (15.2%) | 1215 (63.3%) 944 (56.2%) ˂0.001 | 704 (36.7%) 737 (43.8%) | 873 (45.5%) 618 (36.8%) ˂0.001 | 1046 (54.5%) 1063 (63.2%) |
Education Level | |||||||||
Low (high school or less) High (college or more) p-value * | 2284 1316 | 2123 (93.0%) 1245 (94.6%) 0.052 | 161 (7.0%) 71 (5.4%) | 1987 (87.0%) 1143 (86.9%) 0.903 | 297 (13.0%) 173 (13.1%) | 1147 (50.2%) 1012 (76.9%) ˂0.001 | 1137 (49.8%) 304 (23.1%) | 886 (38.8%) 605 (46.0%) ˂0.001 | 1398 (61.2%) 711 (54.0%) |
Monthly Income | |||||||||
Low (˂1000 USD) High (≥1000 USD) p-value * | 2630 970 | 2472 (94.0%) 896 (92.4%) 0.079 | 158 (6.0%) 74 (7.6%) | 2317 (88.1%) 813 (83.8%) 0.001 | 313 (11.9%) 157 (16.2%) | 1519 (57.8%) 640 (66.0%) ˂0.001 | 1111 (42.2%) 330 (34.0%) | 1125 (42.8%) 366 (37.7%) 0.006 | 1505 (57.2%) 604 (62.3%) |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | |||||||||
No Yes p-value * | 3378 222 | 3148 (93.2%) 220 (99.1%) 0.001 | 230 (6.8%) 2 (0.9%) | 2928 (86.7%) 202 (91.0%) 0.065 | 450 (13.3%) 20 (9.0%) | 2019 (59.8%) 140 (63.1%) 0.332 | 1359 (40.2%) 82 (36.9%) | 1399 (41.4%) 92 (41.4%) 0.994 | 1979 (58.6%) 130 (58.6%) |
Variables | Total N | Total SSBs | Regular Soda | Fruit Drinks | Energy Drinks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | ||
All Participants | 3600 | 1468 (40.8%) | 2132 (59.2%) | 538 (14.9%) | 3062 (85.1%) | 140 (3.9%) | 3460 (96.1%) | 63 (1.8%) | 3537 (98.3%) |
Nationality | |||||||||
Saudi Egyptian Yemeni Syrian Jordanian Sudanese Turkish Pakistani Afghan Indian Bangladeshi Filipino p-value * | 289 289 335 293 280 276 203 306 303 297 350 379 | 145 (50.2%) 181 (62.6%) 214 (63.9%) 152 (51.9%) 112 (40.0%) 24 (8.7%) 82 (40.4%) 97 (31.7%) 121 (39.9%) 122 (41.1%) 24 (6.9%) 194 (51.2%) ˂0.001 | 144 (49.8%) 108 (37.4%) 121 (36.1%) 141 (48.1%) 168 (60.0%) 252 (91.3%) 121 (59.6%) 209 (68.3%) 182 (60.1%) 175 (58.9%) 326 (93.1%) 185 (48.8%) | 61 (21.1%) 85 (29.4%) 109 (32.5%) 40 (13.7%) 7 (2.5%) 15 (5.4%) 41 (20.2%) 21 (6.9%) 57 (18.8%) 68 (22.9%) 7 (2.0%) 27 (7.1%) ˂0.001 | 228 (78.9%) 204 (70.6%) 226 (67.5%) 253 (86.3%) 273 (97.5%) 261 (94.6%) 162 (79.8%) 285 (93.1%) 246 (81.2%) 229 (77.1%) 343 (98.0%) 352 (92.9%) | 12 (4.2%) 32 (11.1%) 39 (11.6%) 14 (4.8%) 6 (2.1%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (2.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.3%) 4 (1.3%) 0 (0.0%) 28 (7.4%) ˂0.001 | 277 (95.8%) 257 (88.9%) 296 (88.4%) 279 (95.2%) 274 (97.9%) 276 (100.0%) 199 (98.0%) 306 (100.0%) 302 (99.7%) 293 (98.7%) 350 (100.0%) 351 (92.6%) | 6 (2.1%) 6 (2.1%) 21 (6.3%) 8 (2.7%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.5%) 4 (1.3%) 15 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.3%) 1 (0.3%) ˂0.001 | 283 (97.9%) 283 (97.9%) 314 (93.7%) 285 (97.3%) 280 (100.0%) 276 (100.0%) 202 (99.5%) 302 (98.7%) 288 (95.0%) 297 (100.0%) 349 (99.7%) 378 (99.7%) |
Residency Period in KSA | |||||||||
1–5 years 6 years or more p-value * | 2198 1402 | 903 (41.1%) 565 (40.3%) 0.641 | 1295 (58.9%) 837 (59.7%) | 314 (14.3%) 224 (16.0%) 0.165 | 1884 (85.7%) 1178 (84.0%) | 86 (3.9%) 54 (3.9%) 0.926 | 2112 (96.1%) 1348 (96.1%) | 39 (1.8%) 24 (1.7%) 0.889 | 2159 (98.2%) 1378 (98.3%) |
Household Type | |||||||||
Non-family household Family household p-value * | 2920 680 | 1157 (39.6%) 311 (45.7%) 0.003 | 1763 (60.4%) 369 (54.3%) | 428 (14.7%) 110 (16.2%) 0.317 | 2492 (85.3%) 570 (83.8%) | 102 (3.5%) 38 (5.6%) 0.011 | 2818 (96.5%) 642 (94.4%) | 46 (1.6%) 17 (2.5%) 0.098 | 2874 (98.4%) 663 (97.5%) |
Marital Status | |||||||||
Single Married p-value * | 1919 1681 | 850 (44.3%) 618 (36.8%) ˂0.001 | 1069 (55.7%) 1063 (63.2%) | 328 (17.1%) 210 (12.5%) ˂0.001 | 1591 (82.9%) 1471 (87.5%) | 91 (4.7%) 49 (2.9%) 0.005 | 1828 (95.3%) 1632 (97.1%) | 41 (2.1%) 22 (1.3%) 0.059 | 1878 (97.9%) 1659 (98.7%) |
Education Level | |||||||||
Low (high school or less) High (college or more) p-value * | 2284 1316 | 826 (36.2%) 642 (48.8%) ˂0.001 | 1458 (63.8%) 674 (51.2%) | 362 (15.8%) 176 (13.4%) 0.045 | 1922 (84.2%) 1140 (86.6%) | 61 (2.7%) 79 (6.0%) ˂0.001 | 2223 (97.3%) 1237 (94.0%) | 49 (2.1%) 14 (1.1%) 0.017 | 2235 (97.9%) 1302 (98.9%) |
Monthly Income | |||||||||
Low (˂1000 USD) High (≥1000 USD) p-value * | 2630 970 | 1066 (40.5%) 402 (41.4%) 0.622 | 1564 (59.5%) 568 (58.6%) | 404 (15.4%) 134 (13.8%) 0.248 | 2226 (84.6%) 836 (86.2%) | 101 (3.8%) 39 (4.0%) 0.804 | 2529 (96.2%) 931 (96.0%) | 50 (1.9%) 13 (1.3%) 0.255 | 2580 (98.1%) 957 (98.7%) |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | |||||||||
No Yes p-value * | 3378 222 | 1366 (40.4%) 102 (45.9%) 0.106 | 2012 (59.6%) 120 (54.1%) | 487 (14.4%) 51 (23.0%) 0.001 | 2891 (85.6%) 171 (77.0%) | 131 (3.9%) 9 (4.1%) 0.895 | 3247 (96.1%) 213 (95.9%) | 57 (1.7%) 6 (2.7%) 0.264 | 3321 (98.3%) 216 (97.3%) |
Variables | Weekly SSB Consumption | Daily SSB Consumption | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value * | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value * | |
Nationality | ||||
Bangladeshi | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Saudi Egyptian Yemeni Syrian Jordanian Sudanese Turkish Pakistani Afghan Indian Filipino | 6.70 (2.65–16.91) 28.80 (8.58–96.63) 26.66 (9.30–76.44) 5.03 (2.53–10.00) 2.15 (1.20–3.86) 2.34 (1.47–3.71) 14.45 (5.75–36.30) 6.26 (3.29–11.91) 7.99 (4.02–15.88) 9.38 (4.58–19.21) 44.98 (10.40–194.57) | ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 0.010 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 | 22.60 (13.01–39.25) 28.22 (17.05–46.70) 29.94 (18.44–48.60) 20.95 (12.56–34.93) 12.98 (7.76–21.73) 1.41 (0.78–2.55) 11.77 (7.06–19.60) 6.69 (4.12–10.85) 9.63 (5.98–15.51) 9.44 (5.86–15.21) 12.83 (7.85–20.95) | ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 0.254 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 |
Age (years) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.054 | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 0.001 |
Residency Period in KSA | ||||
1–5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
6 years or more | 1.99 (1.38–2.88) | ˂0.001 | 1.00 (0.83–1.19) | 0.957 |
Household Type | ||||
Non-family household | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Family household | 1.34 (0.81–2.21) | 0.259 | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 0.071 |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | ˂0.001 | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 0.352 |
Education Level | ||||
Low (high school or less) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
High (college or more) | 1.45 (0.84–2.49) | 0.186 | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 0.317 |
Monthly Income | ||||
Low (˂1000 USD) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
High (≥1000 USD) | 0.37 (0.23–0.62) | ˂0.001 | 0.58 (0.47–0.71) | ˂0.001 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 4.53 (1.10–18.68) | 0.037 | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.734 |
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Share and Cite
AlTamimi, J.Z.; Alshwaiyat, N.M.; Alkhalidy, H.; AlKehayez, N.M.; Alagal, R.I.; Alsaikan, R.A.; Alsemari, M.A.; BinMowyna, M.N.; AlFaris, N.A. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064861
AlTamimi JZ, Alshwaiyat NM, Alkhalidy H, AlKehayez NM, Alagal RI, Alsaikan RA, Alsemari MA, BinMowyna MN, AlFaris NA. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064861
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlTamimi, Jozaa Z., Naseem M. Alshwaiyat, Hana Alkhalidy, Nora M. AlKehayez, Reham I. Alagal, Reem A. Alsaikan, Malak A. Alsemari, Mona N. BinMowyna, and Nora A. AlFaris. 2023. "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Obesity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064861