The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Measure
2.3.1. Subjective Wellbeing (SWB)
2.3.2. Perceived Neighbourhood Environment (PNE)
2.3.3. Individual Characteristics
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Module | Variable | Item | Response |
---|---|---|---|
Walkability | X1 | My neighbourhood offers many opportunities to be physically active | seven items each scored on a 5-point scale from ‘1-strongly disagree’ to ‘5-strongly agree’ |
X2 | Local sports clubs and other facilities in my neighbourhood offer many opportunities to get exercise | ||
X3 | It is pleasant to walk in my neighbourhood | ||
X4 | The trees in my neighbourhood provide enough shade | ||
X5 | In my neighbourhood, it is easy to walk to places | ||
X6 | I often see other people walking in my neighbourhood | ||
X7 | I often see other people exercising (for example, jogging, bicycling, and playing sports) in my neighbourhood | ||
Social cohesion | X8 | People around here are willing to help their neighbours | 5 items each scored on a 5-point scale from ‘1-strongly disagree’ to ‘5-strongly agree’ |
X9 | People in my neighbourhood generally get along with each other | ||
X10 | People in my neighbourhood can be trusted | ||
X11 | People in my neighbourhood share the same values |
Possible Range | Min | Max | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective wellbeing | |||||
PA | 0–15 | 0 | 10 | 7.80 | 2.42 |
NA | 0–15 | 0 | 10 | 1.80 | 2.44 |
PE | 0–21 | 0 | 14 | 10.66 | 3.05 |
NE | 0–21 | 0 | 14 | 1.89 | 2.67 |
Perceived neighbourhood environment | |||||
X1 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.65 | 1.06 |
X2 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.65 | 1.03 |
X3 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 4.00 | 0.83 |
X4 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.96 | 0.90 |
X5 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 4.05 | 0.81 |
X6 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 4.07 | 0.80 |
X7 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.89 |
X8 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.96 | 0.77 |
X9 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 4.07 | 0.76 |
X10 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.95 | 0.77 |
X11 | 1–5 | 1 | 5 | 3.70 | 0.80 |
Variable | PA | NA | PE | NE |
---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 0.300 ** | −0.144 * | 0.341 ** | −0.130 * |
X2 | 0.325 ** | −0.096 * | 0.347 ** | −0.107 * |
X3 | 0.348 ** | −0.095 * | 0.332 ** | −0.124 * |
X4 | 0.302 ** | −0.061 | 0.337 ** | −0.072 |
X5 | 0.304 ** | −0.081 | 0.312 ** | −0.084 |
X6 | 0.297 ** | −0.069 | 0.293 ** | −0.016 |
X7 | 0.310 ** | −0.162 ** | 0.333 ** | −0.071 |
X8 | 0.276 ** | −0.181 ** | 0.350 ** | −0.175 ** |
X9 | 0.348 ** | −0.147 ** | 0.360 ** | −0.139 * |
X10 | 0.380 ** | −0.206 ** | 0.387 ** | −0.213 ** |
X11 | 0.423 ** | −0.162 ** | 0.368 ** | −0.175 ** |
n | Correlation Coefficient | Eigenvalue | Cumulative Proportion % | Wilk’s | Approximate F Value | df | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.402 | 0.193 | 60.88 | 0.743 | 3.199 | 44 | <0.0001 |
2 | 0.257 | 0.070 | 82.87 | 0.886 | 1.879 | 30 | 0.003 |
3 | 0.191 | 0.038 | 94.95 | 0.948 | 1.363 | 18 | 0.142 |
4 | 0.125 | 0.016 | 100.00 | 0.984 | 0.905 | 8 | 0.512 |
PNE Variables | Scores of SWB Dimensions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | U1 | U2 | SWB Dimensions | Variable | V1 | V2 |
X1 | −0.141 | 0.807 | PA | Y1 | −0.568 | −0.968 |
X2 | −0.145 | −0.678 | NA | Y2 | 0.159 | −0.965 |
X3 | −0.207 | −0.307 | PE | Y3 | −0.515 | 0.491 |
X4 | −0.163 | −0.174 | NE | Y4 | −0.082 | 0.085 |
X5 | 0.145 | 0.029 | ||||
X6 | 0.211 | −0.615 | ||||
X7 | −0.176 | 0.968 | ||||
X8 | 0.140 | 0.745 | ||||
X9 | −0.245 | −0.224 | ||||
X10 | −0.295 | 0.150 | ||||
X11 | −0.414 | 0.565 |
X Set × Self | X Set × Y Set | Y Set × Self | Y Set × X Set | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.441 | 0.071 | 0.530 | 0.086 |
2 | 0.038 | 0.003 | 0.162 | 0.011 |
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Liu, Y.; Liu, H.; Chen, Q.; Xiao, J.; Wan, C. The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054021
Liu Y, Liu H, Chen Q, Xiao J, Wan C. The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054021
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yuxi, Huanting Liu, Qin Chen, Junhui Xiao, and Chonghua Wan. 2023. "The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054021
APA StyleLiu, Y., Liu, H., Chen, Q., Xiao, J., & Wan, C. (2023). The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054021