The Relationship of Internet Gaming Addiction and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and the Moderating Role of Hope
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Relationship between Internet Gaming Addiction and Suicidal Ideation
1.2. The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion
1.3. The Moderating Effect of Hope
1.4. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Internet Gaming Addition
2.3.2. Suicidal Ideation
2.3.3. Negative Emotion
2.3.4. Hope
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, t-Tests and Correlation Analysis
3.2. Test for Mediating Effects with Moderation
4. Discussion
4.1. The Findings of the Current Study
4.2. Theoretical Contributions
4.3. Practical Implications
4.4. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Johnson, J.; Gooding, P.A.; Wood, A.M.; Tarrier, N. Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behav. Res. Ther. 2010, 48, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erevik, E.K.; Landrø, H.; Mattson, Å.L.; Kristensen, J.H.; Kaur, P.; Pallesen, S. Problem gaming and suicidality: A systematic literature review. Addict. Behav. Rep. 2022, 15, 100419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Large, M.; Corderoy, A.; McHugh, C. Is suicidal behaviour a stronger predictor of later suicide than suicidal ideation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 2021, 55, 254–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shain, B.; Braverman, P.K.; Adelman, W.P.; Alderman, E.M.; Breuner, C.C.; Levine, D.A.; O’Brien, R.F. Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescents. Pediatrics 2016, 138, e20161420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, X.C.; Chen, H.; Liu, Z.Z.; Wang, J.Y.; Jia, C.X. Prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2019, 28, 280–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, C.; Wang, M.; Cheng, J.; Tan, Y.; Huang, Y.; Rong, F.; Yu, Y. Association between internet addiction and suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents with and without parental migration. Comput. Human Behav. 2021, 125, 106949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arrivillaga, C.; Rey, L.; Extremera, N. Adolescents’ problematic internet and smartphone use is related to suicide ideation: Does emotional intelligence make a difference? Comput. Human Behav. 2020, 110, 106375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Dajani, N.; Uliaszek, A.A. The after-effects of momentary suicidal ideation: A preliminary examination of emotion intensity changes following suicidal thoughts. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 302, 114027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuss, D.J. Internet gaming addiction: Current perspectives. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2013, 6, 125–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rosendo-Rios, V.; Trott, S.; Shukla, P. Systematic literature review online gaming addiction among children and young adults: A framework and research agenda. Addict. Behav. 2022, 129, 107238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.H.; Chun, J.W.; Cho, H.; Kim, D.J. Alterations in the connection topology of brain structural networks in Internet gaming addiction. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 15117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mann, J.J.; Oquendo, M.; Underwood, M.D.; Arango, V. The neurobiology of suicide risk: A review for the clinician. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1999, 60, 7–11. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cheng, Y.S.; Tseng, P.T.; Lin, P.Y.; Chen, T.Y.; Stubbs, B.; Carvalho, A.F.; Wu, M.K. Internet addiction and its relationship with suicidal behaviors: A meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2018, 79, 9291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stoelb, M.; Chiriboga, J. A process model for assessing adolescent risk for suicide. J. Adolesc. 1998, 21, 359–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Förtsch, E.M.; Baumgart, P.; Teismann, T.; Ruscheweyh, R.; Hasenbring, M.I. No game, more pain-examining possible long term effects and underlying mechanisms of habitual violent video gaming on the acquired capability for suicide. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 295, 113512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Ren, Y.; You, J.; Huang, C.; Jiang, Y.; Lin, M.-P.; Leung, F. Distinguishing Pathways from Negative Emotions to Suicide Ideation and to Suicide Attempt: The Differential Mediating Effects of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2017, 45, 1609–1619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joiner, T.E. Why People Die by Suicide; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Baumeister, R.F. Suicide as escape from self. Psychol. Rev. 1990, 97, 90–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linehan, M.M. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder; Guilford Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, Y.; Yang, X.; Wang, S.; Wang, H.; Chang, R.; Tsamlag, L.; Lau, J.T. Serial multiple mediation of the association between internet gaming disorder and suicidal ideation by insomnia and depression in adolescents in Shanghai, China. BMC Psychiatry 2020, 20, 460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seki, T.; Hamazaki, K.; Natori, T.; Inadera, H. Relationship between internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students. J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 256, 668–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, L.; Zhu, M.; Dai, J.; Li, M.; Zheng, Y. The mediating roles of emotional regulation on negative emotion and internet addiction among Chinese adolescents from a development perspective. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 608317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Longstreet, P.; Brooks, S.; Gonzalez, E.S. Internet addiction: When the positive emotions are not so positive. Technol. Soc. 2019, 57, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stewart, S.M.; Eaddy, M.; Horton, S.E.; Hughes, J.; Kennard, B. The validity of the interpersonal theory of suicide in adolescence: A review. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2017, 46, 437–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Beurs, D.; Fried, E.I.; Wetherall, K.; Cleare, S.; O’Connor, D.B.; Ferguson, E.; O’Connor, R.C. Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behav. Res. Ther. 2019, 120, 103419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Milani, L.; La Torre, G.; Fiore, M.; Grumi, S.; Gentile, D.A.; Ferrante, M.; Di Blasio, P. Internet gaming addiction in adolescence: Risk factors and maladjustment correlates. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2018, 16, 888–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snyder, C.R.; Harris, C., Jr.; Anderson, S.A.; Holleran, L.M.; Irving, S.T.; Sig-mon, L.; Yoshinobu, J.; Gibb, C.; Langelle, C.; Harney, P. The Will and the Ways: Development and Validation of an Individual-Differences Measure of Hope. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1991, 60, 570–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snyder, C.R. Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychol. Inq. 2002, 13, 249–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ropaj, E. Hope and suicidal ideation and behaviour. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2023, 49, 101491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huen, J.M.; Ip, B.Y.; Ho, S.M.; Yip, P.S. Hope and hopelessness: The role of hope in buffering the impact of hopelessness on suicidal ideation. PLoS ONE. 2015, 10, e0130073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Knowles, J.R.; Gray, N.S.; O’Connor, C.; Pink, J.; Simkiss, N.J.; Snowden, R.J. The role of hope and resilience in protecting against suicidal thoughts and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch. Suicide Res. 2022, 26, 1487–1504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwok, S.Y.; Gu, M. Childhood neglect and adolescent suicidal ideation: A moderated mediation model of hope and depression. Prev. Sci. 2019, 20, 632–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.; Li, X.; Zhang, W. Predicting adolescent problematic online game use from teacher autonomy support, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and school engagement: A 2-year longitudinal study. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2015, 18, 228–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xia, C.Y.; Wang, D.B.; Wu, S.Q.; Ye, J.H. The development of self-rating scale for suicidal ideation. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2002, 2, 100–102. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, D.; Clark, L.A.; Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1988, 54, 1063–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, W.D.; Diao, J.; Schick, C.J. The cross-cultural measurement of positive and negative affect: Examining the dimensionality of PANAS. Psychol. Sci. 2004, 27, 77–79. [Google Scholar]
- Snyder, C.R.; Hoza, B.; Pelham, W.E.; Rapoff, M.; Ware, L.; Danovsky, M.; Stahl, K.J. The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 1997, 22, 399–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, B.H.; Sun, Y. Reliability and validity test of Chinese version of Children’s Hope Scale. Chin. Ment. Health J. 2011, 25, 454–459. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd ed.; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ricker, B.T.; Cooley, J.L.; Sanchez, C.R.; Gunder, E.M.; Dooley, J.A.; Chilton, M.; Ritschel, L.A. Prospective associations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The protective role of hope. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2022, 44, 649–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chatard, A.; Selimbegović, L.; Pyszczynski, T.; Jaafari, N. Dysphoria, failure, and suicide: Level of depressive symptoms moderates effects of failure on implicit thoughts of suicide and death. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2017, 36, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landrault, H.; Jaafari, N.; Amine, M.; Malka, G.; Selimbegović, L.; Chatard, A. Suicidal ideation in elite schools: A test of the interpersonal theory and the escape theory of suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020, 50, 201–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grewal, P.K.; Porter, J.E. Hope theory: A framework for understanding suicidal action. Death Stud. 2007, 31, 131–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Öcal, A.; Yiğittir, S.; Kyburiene, L.; Navickiene, G. A study on Turkish and Lithuanian young adults’ perception of values. Educ. Urban Soc. 2020, 52, 489–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gender | Place of Residence | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 914) | Girls (n = 974) | t | Cohens’ d | Urban (n = 978) | Rural (n = 916) | t | Cohens’ d | |
1. IGA | 3.06 ± 2.20 | 1.92 ± 1.97 | 11.90 *** | 0.55 | 2.23 ± 2.12 | 2.73 ± 2.18 | −5.08 *** | −0.23 |
2. SI | 5.99 ± 4.66 | 6.95 ± 5.05 | −4.29 *** | −0.20 | 6.10 ± 4.75 | 6.90 ± 5.00 | −3.63 *** | −0.17 |
3. NE | 2.01 ± 0.77 | 2.17 ± 0.76 | −4.56 *** | −0.21 | 2.05 ± 0.77 | 2.14 ± 0.77 | −2.74 ** | −0.13 |
4. Hope | 3.53 ± 1.15 | 3.31 ± 1.04 | 4.31 *** | 0.20 | 3.63 ± 1.13 | 3.19 ± 1.01 | 8.77 *** | 0.40 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | 14.09 | 1.01 | - | |||
2. IGA | 2.47 | 2.17 | 0.07 ** | - | ||
3. SI | 6.49 | 4.88 | 0.03 | 0.29 *** | - | |
4. NE | 2.09 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.30 *** | 0.53 *** | - |
5. Hope | 3.42 | 1.10 | −0.11 *** | −0.16 *** | −0.41 *** | −0.22 *** |
Equation (1) (Dependent Variable: SI) | Equation (2) (Dependent Variable: NE) | Equation (3) (Dependent Variable: SI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | t | 95% CI | B | t | 95% CI | B | t | 95% CI | |
Age | 0.02 | 0.17 | [−0.19, 0.23] | 0.01 | 0.25 | [−0.03, 0.04] | −0.11 | −1.24 | [−0.28, 0.06] |
Boys | −1.83 | −8.23 *** | [−2.26, −1.39] | −0.31 | −8.82 *** | [−0.38, −0.24] | −0.59 | −3.12 *** | [−0.96, −0.22] |
Urban | −0.36 | −1.63 | [−0.78, 0.07] | −0.01 | −0.36 | [−0.08, 0.05] | 0.11 | 0.60 | [−0.25, 0.47] |
IGA | 0.38 | 14.61 *** | [0.33, 0.43] | 0.06 | 15.36 *** | [0.05, 0.07] | 0.16 | 6.81 *** | [0.11, 0.21] |
NE | 3.39 | 9.88 *** | [2.61, 4.20] | ||||||
Hope | −0.89 | −4.15 *** | [−1.33, −0.44] | ||||||
NE × Hope | −0.22 | −2.17 * | [−0.41, −0.02] | ||||||
R2 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.39 | ||||||
F | 62.14 *** | 66.80 *** | 171.47 *** |
Hope | Effect | Boot SE | Boot CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The mediating effect of negative emotion | M − 1SD | 0.18 | 0.02 | [0.15, 0.21] |
M | 0.17 | 0.01 | [0.14, 0.19] | |
M + 1SD | 0.15 | 0.02 | [0.12, 0.18] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xie, Y.; Yang, Q.; Lei, F. The Relationship of Internet Gaming Addiction and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and the Moderating Role of Hope. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043375
Xie Y, Yang Q, Lei F. The Relationship of Internet Gaming Addiction and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and the Moderating Role of Hope. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043375
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Yuntian, Qian Yang, and Fan Lei. 2023. "The Relationship of Internet Gaming Addiction and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and the Moderating Role of Hope" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043375