Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. Background Information Sheet
2.4.2. The Caring Behaviors Inventory
2.5. Data Collectionh
2.6. Ethical Considerations
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ General Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of Nurse and Patient Self-Evaluated Caring Behaviors
3.3. Factors Affecting Nurse and Patient Self-Evaluated Caring Behaviors
4. Discussion
4.1. Congruence between Nurse and Patient Self-Evaluated Caring Behaviors
4.2. Inconsistency between Nurse and Patient Self-Evaluated Caring Behaviors
4.3. Factors Influencing Nurse and Patient Self-Evaluated Caring Behaviors
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) | Caring Behaviors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p | Post Hoc | ||
Age | ||||
≤30 | 119 (50.6) | 5.34 (0.76) | 0.709 | |
>30 | 116 (49.4) | 5.30 (0.67) | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | 43 (18.3) | 5.02 (1.06) | 0.037 | |
Female | 192 (81.7) | 5.38 (0.60) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single 1 | 61 (26.0) | 5.36 (0.63) | 0.008 | 1, 2 < 3 |
Married 2 | 155 (66.0) | 5.36 (0.65) | ||
Divorced/widowed 3 | 19 (8.0) | 4.83 (1.20) | ||
Educational background | ||||
Certificate (technical school) 1 | 6 (2.6) | 4.28 (1.36) | <0.001 | 2, 3 > 1 3 > 4 |
Associate degree 2 | 33 (14.0) | 5.24 (0.80) | ||
Bachelor’s degree 3 | 180 (76.6) | 5.41 (0.62) | ||
Master’s degree 4 | 16 (6.8) | 4.89 (0.88) | ||
Whether being the only child in the family | ||||
Yes | 104 (44.3) | 5.29 (0.75) | 0.535 | |
No | 131 (55.7) | 5.34 (0.69) | ||
Children | ||||
Yes | 146 (62.1) | 5.35 (0.67) | 0.344 | |
No | 89 (37.9) | 5.26 (0.79) | ||
Ethical training experience | ||||
Yes | 169 (71.9) | 5.39 (0.68) | 0.009 | |
No | 66 (28.1) | 5.12 (0.77) | ||
Professional title a | ||||
Primary nurse 1 | 23 (9.8) | 5.37 (0.58) | <0.001 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 > 5 |
Senior nurse 2 | 131 (55.7) | 5.44 (0.57) | ||
Supervisor nurse 3 | 65 (27.7) | 5.31 (0.72) | ||
Deputy chief nurse 4 | 12 (5.1) | 4.52 (1.10) | ||
Chief nurse 5 | 4 (1.7) | 3.43 (0.29) | ||
The length of working experience in years | ||||
≤5 1 | 29 (12.3) | 5.51 (0.44) | <0.001 | 1, 2 > 4 > 5 3 > 5 |
6–10 2 | 110 (46.8) | 5.43 (0.61) | ||
11–15 3 | 55 (23.4) | 5.35 (0.69) | ||
16–20 4 | 22 (9.4) | 5.08 (0.85) | ||
≥21 5 | 19 (8.1) | 4.54 (1.00) | ||
Monthly income (RMB) | ||||
≤3999 (≤USD 612.8) | 15 (6.4) | 5.12 (0.94) | 0.574 | |
4000–5999 (USD 612.8–USD 919.2) | 82 (34.9) | 5.31 (0.71) | ||
6000–7999 (USD 919.2–USD 1225.6) | 76 (32.3) | 5.4 (0.64) | ||
8000–9999 (USD 1225.6–USD 1532) | 41 (17.4) | 5.33 (0.78) | ||
≥10,000 (≥USD 1532) | 21 (8.9) | 5.17 (0.72) | ||
Employment type | ||||
State-employed | 77 (32.8) | 5.24 (0.77) | 0.252 | |
Contract-employed | 158 (67.3) | 5.36 (0.69) | ||
Whether being dispatched to Wuhan | ||||
Yes | 213 (90.6) | 5.35 (0.71) | 0.048 | |
No | 22 (9.4) | 5.03 (0.76) | ||
Working setting | ||||
Designated hospital intensive care unit | 74 (31.5) | 5.29 (0.84) | 0.607 | |
Designated hospital isolation ward | 126 (53.6) | 5.36 (0.60) | ||
Mobile cabin hospital isolation ward | 35 (14.9) | 5.23 (0.83) | ||
Days worked in isolation wards | ||||
≤30 | 119 (50.6) | 5.32 (0.72) | 0.975 | |
>30 | 116 (49.4) | 5.32 (0.71) |
Variables | N (%) | Caring Behaviors | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p | ||
Age | |||
≤55 | 63 (50.0) | 5.07 (0.76) | 0.242 |
>55 | 63 (50.0) | 5.21 (0.63) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 48 (38.1) | 5.16 (0.7) | 0.769 |
Female | 78 (61.9) | 5.12 (0.71) | |
Marital status | |||
Single | 12 (9.5) | 5.39 (0.54) | 0.203 |
Married/divorced/widowed | 114 (90.5) | 5.11 (0.71) | |
Residence | |||
Urban area | 119 (94.4) | 5.14 (0.71) | 0.703 |
Rural area | 7 (5.6) | 5.04 (0.55) | |
Educational background | |||
Middle school or lower | 30 (23.8) | 5.11 (0.66) | 0.236 |
High school | 46 (36.5) | 5.05 (0.74) | |
Associate degree | 35 (27.8) | 5.14 (0.76) | |
Bachelor’s degree or above | 15 (11.9) | 5.47 (0.45) | |
Work status | |||
Retirement | 66 (52.4) | 5.21 (0.62) | 0.062 |
Employment | 40 (31.7) | 5.18 (0.76) | |
Others | 20 (15.9) | 4.8 (0.76) | |
Monthly income (RMB) | |||
≤1999 (≤USD 309.2) | 20 (15.9) | 5.00 (0.70) | 0.579 |
2000–3999 (USD 309.2–USD 618.6) | 50 (39.7) | 5.17 (0.72) | |
4000–5999 (USD 618.6–USD 928.0) | 36 (28.6) | 5.12 (0.63) | |
6000–7999 (USD 928.0–USD 1237.4) | 14 (11.1) | 5.14 (0.83) | |
≥8000 (≥USD 1237.4) | 6 (4.7) | 5.54 (0.71) | |
Inpatient setting | |||
Designated hospital isolation ward | 100 (79.3) | 5.26 (0.62) | 0.002 |
Mobile cabin hospital isolation ward | 26 (20.7) | 4.69 (0.82) | |
Inpatient days in isolation wards | |||
≤10 | 14 (11.1) | 5.31 (0.55) | 0.054 |
11–20 | 32 (25.4) | 4.87 (0.89) | |
21–30 | 32 (25.4) | 5.12 (0.76) | |
≥31 | 48 (38.1) | 5.28 (0.49) | |
Communication mode | |||
Face to face | 119 (94.4) | 5.18 (0.67) | 0.004 |
Others | 7 (5.6) | 4.40 (0.91) | |
Previous hospitalization experiences | |||
Yes | 23 (18.3) | 5.17 (0.69) | 0.811 |
No | 103 (81.7) | 5.13 (0.71) |
CBI-24 Subscales | Nurses | Patients | Range | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Assurance of human presence | 5.38 (0.78) | 5.27 (0.73) | 1–6 | 0.174 |
Professional knowledge and skills | 5.39 (0.74) | 5.35 (0.71) | 1–6 | 0.614 |
Patient respectfulness | 5.30 (0.73) | 5.01 (0.79) | 1–6 | 0.001 |
Positive connectedness | 5.17 (0.81) | 4.87 (0.86) | 1–6 | 0.001 |
Total CBI-24 score | 5.32 (0.72) | 5.14 (0.70) | 1–6 | 0.023 |
CBI-24 Items | Nurses | Patients |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
#1. Attentively listening to the patient | 5.37 (0.96) | 5.07 (0.89) |
#2. Giving instructions or teaching the patient | 5.29 (0.93) | 4.94 (0.95) |
#3. Treating the patient as an individual | 5.06 (1.04) | 4.63 (1.19) |
#4. Spending time with the patient | 4.94 (1.06) | 4.29 (1.37) |
#5. Supporting the patient | 5.43 (0.79) | 5.13 (0.92) |
#6. Being empathetic or identifying with the patient | 5.43 (0.87) | 5.17 (0.87) |
#7. Helping the patient grow | 5.24 (1.04) | 5.02 (0.99) |
#8. Being patient or tireless with the patient | 5.39 (0.96) | 5.37 (0.80) |
#9. Knowing how to give shots, IVs, etc. | 5.42 (0.99) | 4.99 (1.37) |
#10. Being confident with the patient | 5.40 (0.95) | 5.41 (0.83) |
#11. Demonstrating professional knowledge and skill | 5.26 (0.93) | 5.49 (0.72) |
#12. Managing equipment skillfully | 5.26 (0.96) | 5.46 (0.79) |
#13. Allowing the patient to express feelings about his or her disease and treatment | 5.2 3(1.00) | 4.98 (1.10) |
#14. Including the patient in planning his or her care | 4.98 (1.05) | 4.75 (1.15) |
#15. Treating patient information confidentially | 5.61 (0.78) | 5.40 (0.86) |
#16. Returning to the patient voluntarily | 5.44 (1.01) | 5.18 (1.01) |
#17. Talking with the patient | 5.30 (0.97) | 4.93 (1.10) |
#18. Encouraging the patient to call if there are problems | 5.51 (0.87) | 5.37 (0.89) |
#19. Meeting the patient’s stated and unstated needs | 5.26 (0.92) | 5.10 (1.00) |
#20. Responding quickly to the patient’s calls | 5.41 (0.97) | 5.45 (0.79) |
#21. Helping to reduce the patient’s pain | 5.23 (0.93) | 5.10 (1.05) |
#22. Showing concern for the patient | 5.48 (0.89) | 5.33 (0.89) |
#23. Giving the patient’s treatments and medications on time | 5.47 (0.95) | 5.60 (0.66) |
#24. Relieving the patient’s symptoms | 5.20 (1.03) | 5.15 (0.95) |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | β | 95% CI (Lower, Upper) | p | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nurses | Total CBI-24 score | Sex | 0.266 | (0.051, 0.481) | 0.015 | 0.220 |
Ethical training experience | 0.286 | (0.100, 0.471) | 0.003 | |||
Professional title | −0.256 | (−0.392, −0.120) | <0.001 | |||
The length of working experience in years | −0.115 | (−0.218, −0.011) | 0.031 | |||
Whether being dispatched to Wuhan | 0.384 | (0.100, 0.668) | 0.008 | |||
Assurance of human presence | Sex | 0.332 | (0.101, 0.563) | 0.005 | 0.234 | |
Ethical training experience | 0.323 | (0.124, 0.523) | 0.002 | |||
Educational background | 0.211 | (0.044, 0.378) | 0.013 | |||
Professional title | −0.297 | (−0.442, −0.152) | <0.001 | |||
The length of working experience in years | −0.128 | (−0.239, −0.017) | 0.024 | |||
Professional knowledge and skills | Sex | 0.285 | (0.057, 0.513) | 0.015 | 0.170 | |
Ethical training experience | 0.269 | (0.072, 0.466) | 0.008 | |||
Professional title | −0.214 | (−0.357, −0.071) | 0.004 | |||
Patient respectfulness | Ethical training experience | 0.293 | (0.100, 0.486) | 0.003 | 0.183 | |
Professional title | −0.271 | (−0.412, −0.129) | <0.001 | |||
The length of working experience in years | −0.111 | (−0.219, −0.002) | 0.045 | |||
Whether being dispatched to Wuhan | 0.396 | (0.100, 0.692) | 0.009 | |||
Positive connectedness | Ethical training experience | 0.249 | (0.031, 0.467) | 0.025 | 0.152 | |
Professional title | −0.19 | (−0.350, −0.031) | 0.020 | |||
The length of working experience in years | −0.134 | (−0.257, −0.012) | 0.031 | |||
Whether being dispatched to Wuhan | 0.591 | (0.257, 0.925) | 0.001 | |||
Patients | Total CBI-24 score | Inpatient setting | 0.516 | (0.230, 0.802) | 0.001 | 0.140 |
Communication mode | 0.661 | (0.155, 1.166) | 0.011 | |||
Assurance of human presence | Inpatient setting | 0.605 | (0.305, 0.906) | <0.001 | 0.106 | |
Professional knowledge and skills | Inpatient setting | 0.670 | (0.373, 0.968) | <0.001 | 0.134 | |
Patient respectfulness | Inpatient setting | 0.372 | (0.040, 0.704) | 0.029 | 0.082 | |
Communication mode | 0.759 | (0.172, 1.347) | 0.012 | |||
Positive connectedness | Inpatient setting | 0.494 | (0.138, 0.850) | 0.007 | 0.106 | |
Communication mode | 0.838 | (0.210, 1.467) | 0.009 |
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Jiang, W.; Jiang, J.; Zhao, X.; Liu, Z.; Valimaki, M.A.; Li, X. Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032717
Jiang W, Jiang J, Zhao X, Liu Z, Valimaki MA, Li X. Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032717
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Wenjing, Jia Jiang, Xing’e Zhao, Zina Liu, Maritta A. Valimaki, and Xianhong Li. 2023. "Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032717
APA StyleJiang, W., Jiang, J., Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Valimaki, M. A., & Li, X. (2023). Nurse and Patient Assessments of COVID-19 Care Quality in China: A Comparative Survey Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032717