Psychosocial Burden and Quality of Life of Surveyed Nurses during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Research Tools
2.3. Participants
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Procedures
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hu, D.; Kong, Y.; Li, W.; Han, Q.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, L.X.; Wan, S.W.; Liu, Z.; Shen, Q.; Yang, J.; et al. Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Eclinicalmedicine 2020, 24, 100424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amdal, C.D.; Taylor, K.; Kuliś, D.; Falk, R.S.; Bottomley, A.; Arraras, J.I.; Barte, J.H.; Darlington, A.S.; Hofsø, K.; Holzner, B.; et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with COVID-19; international development of a patient-reported outcome measure. J. Patient-Reported Outcomes 2022, 6, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Omidi, Z.; Khanjari, S.; Salehi, T.; Haghani, S. Association between burnout and nurses’ quality of life in neonatal intensive care units: During the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Neonatal Nurs. 2022, 29, 144–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woo, T.; Ho, R.; Tang, A.; Tam, W. Global prevalence of burnout symptoms among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2020, 123, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kangarlou, M.B.; Fatemi, F.; Paknazar, F.; Dehdashti, A. Occupational Burnout Symptoms and Its Relationship With Workload and Fear of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Among Hospital Nurses. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 852629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomaszewska, K.; Majchrowicz, B.; Delong, M. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Psychosocial Burden and Job Satisfaction of Long-Term Care Nurses in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalczuk, K.; Krajewska-Kułak, E.; Sobolewski, M. Psychosocial Hazards in the Workplace as an Aspect of Horizontal Segregation in the Nursing Profession. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 2042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maslach, C.A. Multidimensional theory of burnout. In Theories of Organizational Stress; Cooper, C.L., Ed.; Oxford University Press, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Dall’Ora, C.; Ball, J.; Reinius, M.; Griffiths, P. Burnout in nursing: A theoretical review. Hum. Resour. Health 2020, 18, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly, L.A.; Gee, P.M.; Butler, R.J. Impact of nurse burnout on organizational and position turnover. Nurs. Outlook 2020, 69, 96–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gandi, J.C.; Wai, P.S.; Karick, H.; Dagona, Z.K. The role of stress and level of burnout in job performance among nurses. Ment. Health Fam. Med. 2011, 8, 181–194. [Google Scholar]
- International Classification of Diseases in Terms of World Health Organization Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version 11). 2018. Available online: https://icd.who.int/browse11/lm/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/129180281 (accessed on 11 October 2022).
- Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual; Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Edú-Valsania, S.; Laguía, A.; Moriano, J.A. Burnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maslach, C.; Leiter, M.P. Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2016, 15, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Szwamel, K.; Kaczorowska, A.; Lepsy, E.; Mroczek, A.; Golachowska, M.; Mazur, E.; Panczyk, M. Predictors of the Occupational Burnout of Healthcare Workers in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rużyczka, E.W.; Kwak, M.; Jurkowska, M. Stres zawodowy a wypalenie zawodowe u pielęgniarek. Occupational stress and occupational burnout in nurses. Med. Ogólna i Nauki o Zdr 2019, 25, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galanis, P.; Vraka, I.; Fragkou, D.; Bilali, A.; Kaitelidou, D. Nurses’ burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 2021, 77, 3286–3302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellanti, F.; Buglio, A.L.; Capuano, E.; Dobrakowski, M.; Kasperczyk, A.; Kasperczyk, S.; Ventriglio, A.; Vendemiale, G. Factors Related to Nurses’ Burnout during the First Wave of Coronavirus Disease-19 in a University Hospital in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heitzman, J. Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zdrowie psychiczne, Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Psychiatr. Pol. 2020, 54, 187–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haraldstad, K.; Wahl, A.; Andenæs, R.; Andersen, J.R.; Andersen, M.H.; Beisland, E.; Borge, C.R.; Engebretsen, E.; Eisemann, M.; Halvorsrud, L.; et al. A systematic review of quality of life research in medicine and health sciences. Qual. Life Res. 2019, 28, 2641–2650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Niu, A.; Li, P.; Duan, P.; Ding, L.; Xu, S.; Yang, Y.; Guan, X.; Shen, M.; Jiang, Y.; Luo, Y. Professional quality of life in nurses on the frontline against COVID-19. J. Nurs. Manag. 2022, 30, 1115–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruz, J. Quality of life and its influence on clinical competence among nurses: A self-reported study. J. Clin. Nurs. 2016, 26, 388–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruz, J.P.; Cabrera, D.N.C.; Hufana, O.D.; Alquwez, N.; Almazan, J. Optimism, proactive coping and quality of life among nurses: A cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Nurs. 2018, 27, 2098–2108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E.; Leiter, M.P. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd ed.; Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1996; pp. 191–217. [Google Scholar]
- Piotrowska, A.; Lisowska, A.; Twardak, I.; Włostowska, K.; Uchmanowicz, I.; Mess, E. Determinants Affecting the Rationing of Nursing Care and Professional Burnout among Oncology Nurses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7180, Erratum in: JAMA Netw. Open. 2021, 4, e215373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shah, M.K.; Gandrakota, N.; Cimiotti, J.P.; Ghose, N.; Moore, M.; Ali, M.K. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Nurse Burnout in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021, 4, e2036469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lavoie-Tremblay, M.; Gélinas, C.; Aubé, T.; Tchouaket, E.; Tremblay, D.; Gagnon, M.; Côté, J. Influence of caring for COVID-19 patients on nurse’s turnover, work satisfaction and quality of care. J. Nurs. Manag. 2022, 30, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kędra, E.; Nowocień, M. Czynniki stresogenne a ryzyko wypalenia zawodowego w pracy pielęgniarek. Stress factors and the risk of occupational burnout in the work of nurses. Piel. Pol. 2015, 3, 293–306. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, H.; Aucoin, J.; Kuntapay, G.R.; Justice, A.; Jones, A.; Zhang, C.; Santos, H.P., Jr.; Hall, L.A. The prevalence of nurse burnout and its association with telomere length pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0263603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ślusarz, R.; Cwiekala-Lewis, K.; Wysokiński, M.; Filipska-Blejder, K.; Fidecki, W.; Biercewicz, M. Characteristics of Occupational Burnout among Nurses of Various Specialties and in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ślusarz, R.; Filipska, K.; Jabłońska, R.; Królikowska, A.; Szewczyk, M.T.; Wiśniewski, A.; Biercewicz, M. Analysis of job burnout, satisfaction and work-related depression among neurological and neurosurgical nurses in Poland: A cross-sectional and multicentre study. Nurs. Open 2022, 9, 1228–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qedair, J.T.; Balubaid, R.; Almadani, R.; Ezzi, S.; Qumosani, T.; Zahid, R.; Alfayea, T. Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among nurses in Jeddah: A single-institution cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2022, 21, 287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebrahimi, H.; Jafarjalal, E.; Lotfolahzadeh, A.; Moghadam, S.M.K. The effect of workload on nurses’ quality of life with moderating perceived social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work 2021, 70, 347–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navales, J.V.; Jallow, A.W.; Lai, C.Y.; Liu, C.Y.; Chen, S.W. Relationship between Quality of Nursing Work Life and Uniformed Nurses’ Attitudes and Practices Related to COVID-19 in the Philippines: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crowe, S.; Howard, A.F.; Vanderspank, B. The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian critical care nurses. Intensiv. Crit. Care Nurs. 2022, 71, 103241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, E. Factors Affecting the Quality of Work Life of Nurses at Tertiary General Hospitals in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inocian, E.P.; Cruz, J.P.; Alshehry, A.; Alshamlani, Y.; Ignacio, E.H.; Tumala, R.B. Professional quality of life and caring behaviours among clinical nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Clin. Nurs. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalczuk, K.; Krajewska-Kułak, E.; Sobolewski, M. The Reciprocal Effect of Psychosocial Aspects on Nurses’ Working Conditions. Front. Psychol 2017, 8, 1386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cengiz, Z.; Isik, K.; Gurdap, Z.; Yayan, E.H. Behaviours and experiences of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A mixed methodsstudy. J. Nurs. Manag. 2021, 29, 2002–2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sikaras Ch Ilias, J.; Tselebis, A.; Pachi, A.; Zyga, S.; Tsironi, M.; Rojas Gil, A.P.; Panagiotou, A. Nursing staff fatigue and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece AIMS. Public Health 2021, 9, 94–105. [Google Scholar]
- Buccione, E.; Santella, B.; Fiani, M.E.; Maffeo, M.; Tedesco, B.; D’Errico, A.; Della Pelle, C.; Bambi, S.; Rasero, L. Quality of Life of Pediatric Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study. Dimens Crit. Care Nurs. 2022, 41, 246–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahman, M.A.; Sagar, S.K.; Dalal, K.; Barsha, S.Y.; Ara, T.; Khan, A.S.; Saha, S.; Sarmin, T.; Hossian, M.; Nabi, M.H.; et al. Quality of life among health care workers with and without prior COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2022, 22, 823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowitlawkul, Y.; Yap, S.F.; Makabe, S.; Chan, S.; Takagai, J.; Tam, W.W.S.; Nurumal, M.S. Investigating nurses’ quality of life and work-life balance statuses in Singapore. Int. Nurs. Rev. 2019, 66, 61–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vera, M.; Martinez, I.M.; Lorente, L.; Chambel, M.J. The Role of Co-worker and Supervisor Support in the Relationship Between Job Autonomy and Work Engagement Among Portuguese Nurses: A Multilevel Study. Soc. Indic. Res. 2016, 126, 1143–1156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Siles, P.; Martí-Vilar, M.; González-Sala, F.; Merino-Soto, C.; Toledano-Toledano, F. Sense of Coherence and Work Stress or Well-Being in Care Professionals: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, J.; Wu, C.; Du, Y.; He, S.; Shang, L.; Lang, H. Occupational Stress and the Quality of Life of Nurses in Infectious Disease Departments in China: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 817639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moradi, T.; Maghaminejad, F.; Azizi-Fini, I. Quality of working life of nurses and its related factors. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2014, 3, e19450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Woon, L.S.-C.; Mansor, N.S.; Mohamad, M.A.; Teoh, S.H.; Bin Abdullah, M.F.I.L. Quality of Life and Its Predictive Factors Among Healthcare Workers After the End of a Movement Lockdown: The Salient Roles of COVID-19 Stressors, Psychological Experience, and Social Support. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 652326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Phiri, P.G.; Malunga, S.S.; Phiri, L.S. Health-Related Quality of Life of Nurses Caring for Hospitalised Children and Their Families: A National Cross-Sectional Study. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 2021, 61, 157–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomaszewska, K.; Majchrowicz, B.; Snarska, K.; Telega, D. Stress and Occupational Burnout of Nurses Working with COVID-19 Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Frequency (n = 688) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 654 | 95.1% |
Male | 19 | 2.8% | |
Age (years) | 20–30 | 90 | 13.1% |
31–40 | 112 | 16.3% | |
41–50 | 204 | 29.7% | |
>51 | 282 | 41.0% | |
Education * | Medical high school | 118 | 17.2% |
Post-secondary medical school | 111 | 16.1% | |
Bachelor of Science in Nursing | 238 | 34.6% | |
Master of Science in Nursing | 221 | 32.1% | |
Marital status | Married | 526 | 76.5% |
Single | 101 | 14.7% | |
Divorced | 32 | 4.7% | |
Widowed | 29 | 4.1% | |
Work experience (years) | 5 | 86 | 12.5% |
6–10 | 68 | 9.9% | |
11–20 | 124 | 18.0% | |
>21 | 410 | 59.6% |
Frequency (n) | Average | Median | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | Invalid | ||||||
MBI Total (22–88 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 50.83 | 51.00 | 9.05 | 25.00 | 78.00 |
Emotional exhaustion (9–36 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 23.91 | 24.00 | 5.66 | 9.00 | 36.00 |
Depersonalization (5–20 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 10.75 | 11.00 | 2.73 | 5.00 | 20.00 |
Reduced sense of self-fulfillment (8–32 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 16.17 | 16.00 | 4.19 | 8.00 | 32.00 |
Frequency (n) | Average | Median | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid | Invalid | ||||||
Physical area (0–100 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 62.13 | 60.71 | 14.94 | 17.86 | 100.00 |
Psychological area (0–100 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 67.24 | 66.67 | 14.53 | 20.83 | 100.00 |
Social area (0–100 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 69.77 | 75.00 | 17.09 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
Environmental area (0–100 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 63.84 | 65.63 | 13.92 | 18.75 | 100.00 |
BREF Total (0–100 pts.) | 688 | 0 | 65.74 | 67.08 | 13.12 | 17.04 | 100.00 |
Spearman’s rho | MBI Total (22–88 pts.) | Emotional Exhaustion (9–36 pts.) | Depersonalization (5–20 pts.) | Reduced Sense of Self-Fulfillment (8–32 pts.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.529 | −0.529 | −0.234 | −0.314 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 688 | |
Psychological area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.556 | −0.485 | −0.324 | −0.365 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 688 | |
Social area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.409 | −0.357 | −0.225 | −0.283 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 688 | |
Environmental area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.418 | −0.374 | −0.194 | −0.314 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 688 | |
BREF Total (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.554 | −0.500 | −0.282 | −0.377 |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 688 |
Spearman’s rho | Age | Education | Job Seniority | On a Scale of 1 to 5, How Would you Rate the Level of Stress Experienced When Working with SARS-CoV-2 Infected Individuals? | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBI Total (22–88 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | 0.045 | −0.078 * | 0.062 | 0.324 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.243 | 0.042 | 0.106 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Emotional exhaustion (9–36 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | 0.128 ** | −0.073 | 0.188 ** | 0.312 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.001 | 0.054 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Depersonalization (5–20 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | 0.068 | −0.107 ** | 0.023 | 0.193 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.074 | 0.005 | 0.548 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Reduced sense of self-fulfillment (8–32 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.133 ** | −0.012 | −0.146 ** | 0.166 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.749 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Physical area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.118 ** | 0.124 ** | −0.130 ** | −0.280 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Psychological area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.052 | 0.113 ** | −0.075 | −0.296 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.174 | 0.003 | 0.051 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Social area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.085 * | 0.134 ** | −0.111 ** | −0.243 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
Environmental area (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.007 | 0.125 ** | −0.026 | −0.228 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.862 | 0.001 | 0.503 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 | |
BREF Total (0–100 pts.) | Correlation coefficient | −0.073 | 0.144 ** | −0.095 * | −0.301 ** |
Significance (two-tailed) | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.000 | |
Frequency (n) | 688 | 688 | 688 | 682 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tomaszewska, K.; Majchrowicz, B.; Snarska, K.; Guzak, B. Psychosocial Burden and Quality of Life of Surveyed Nurses during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020994
Tomaszewska K, Majchrowicz B, Snarska K, Guzak B. Psychosocial Burden and Quality of Life of Surveyed Nurses during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020994
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomaszewska, Katarzyna, Bożena Majchrowicz, Katarzyna Snarska, and Beata Guzak. 2023. "Psychosocial Burden and Quality of Life of Surveyed Nurses during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020994