Changes in Food Consumption, BMI, and Body Composition in Youth in the US during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Within-Group Changes between Baseline and 3-Year Visits
3.3. Total Energy Intake and Percent Nutrients Consumed
3.4. BMI and Body Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Variable | Total (n = 115) | No Pandemic Group (n = 72) | Pandemic Group (n = 43) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M, SD | M, SD | M, SD | |||
Age (years) | 12.4, 2.7 | 12.3, 2.8 | 12.6, 2.7 | −0.61 | 0.54 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.4, 5.4 | 20.8, 4.7 | 22.5, 6.2 | −1.67 | 0.09 |
BMIz | 0.56, 1.00 | 0.47, 0.94 | 0.73, 1.10 | −1.35 | 0.18 |
Lean Mass (kg) | 36.5, 11.9 | 35.4, 12.0 | 38.2, 11.6 | −1.21 | 0.23 |
Adiposity (% fat mass) | 0.55, 0.10 | 0.54, 0.10 | 0.57, 0.10 | −1.37 | 0.09 |
Time between Visits (months) | 38.5, 3.2 | 37.9, 2.5 | 39.5, 3.9 | −2.48 | 0.02 * |
Total Energy Intake (kCal) | 986.8, 418.3 | 943.2, 425.1 | 1059.8, 400.8 | −1.4 | 0.15 |
N, % | n, % | n, % | χ2 | p | |
Sex Assigned at Birth (female) | 55, 47.8 | 35, 48.6 | 20, 46.5 | 0.05 | 0.83 |
Race: | 4.91 | 0.30 | |||
White | 63, 54.8 | 36, 50.0 | 27, 62.8 | ||
Black or African-American | 32, 27.8 | 25, 34.7 | 7, 16.3 | ||
Asian | 10, 8.7 | 5, 6.9 | 5, 11.6 | ||
Multiple Races | 8, 7.0 | 5, 6.9 | 3, 7.0 | ||
Unknown | 2, 1.7 | 1, 1.4 | 1, 2.3 | ||
Ethnicity: | 3.31 | 0.19 | |||
Non-Hispanic or Latino | 107, 93.0 | 66, 91.7 | 41, 95.3 | ||
Hispanic or Latino | 7, 6.1 | 6, 8.3 | 1, 2.3 | ||
Unknown | 1, 0.9 | 0, 0 | 1, 2.3 |
Fully Adjusted | Partially Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | |
Model | 1.57 | 0.13 | 1.96 | 0.15 |
Group | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.43 |
Age | 2.20 | 0.14 | -- | -- |
Sex Assigned at Birth | 2.02 | 0.16 | -- | -- |
Height | 1.33 | 0.25 | -- | -- |
Race | 0.01 | 0.94 | -- | -- |
Ethnicity | 0.50 | 0.48 | -- | -- |
Time Between Visits | 1.00 | 1.00 | -- | -- |
Lean Mass | 0.92 | 0.34 | -- | -- |
Adiposity | 6.18 | 0.02 * | 2.89 | 0.09 |
Fully Adjusted | Partially Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | |
Model | 3.65 | 0.002 * | 6.47 | <0.001 * |
Group | <0.01 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.94 |
Age | 14.26 | <0.001 * | 16.48 | <0.001 * |
Sex Assigned at Birth | <0.01 | 0.97 | -- | -- |
Race | 0.39 | 0.54 | -- | -- |
Ethnicity | 0.03 | 0.87 | -- | -- |
Time Between Visits | 5.99 | 0.02 * | 6.31 | 0.01 * |
Baseline BMI | 11.93 | <0.001 * | 13.06 | <0.001 * |
Fully Adjusted | Partially Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | |
Model | 2.36 | 0.04 * | 4.16 | 0.02 * |
Group | 0.80 | 0.38 | 1.43 | 0.24 |
Race | 1.59 | 0.21 | -- | -- |
Ethnicity | 0.66 | 0.42 | -- | -- |
Height | 2.12 | 0.15 | -- | -- |
Time Between Visits | 0.33 | 0.57 | -- | -- |
Baseline BMIz | 4.11 | 0.045 * | 5.96 | 0.02 * |
Fully Adjusted | Partially Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | |
Model | 1.63 | 0.13 | 4.20 | 0.01 * |
Group | 1.37 | 0.25 | 1.42 | 0.24 |
Age | 0.02 | 0.90 | -- | -- |
Sex assigned at Birth | 6.29 | 0.01 * | 7.21 | 0.01 * |
Height | 0.03 | 0.86 | -- | -- |
Race | 0.54 | 0.47 | -- | -- |
Ethnicity | 0.05 | 0.82 | -- | -- |
Time Between Visits | 6.90 | 0.01 * | 7.35 | 0.01 * |
Baseline Adiposity | 1.63 | 0.13 | 4.20 | 0.01 * |
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Moursi, N.; Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Parker, M.; Loch, L.; Bloomer, B.; Te-Vazquez, J.; Nwosu, E.; Lazareva, J.; Yang, S.B.; Turner, S.; et al. Changes in Food Consumption, BMI, and Body Composition in Youth in the US during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186796
Moursi N, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Parker M, Loch L, Bloomer B, Te-Vazquez J, Nwosu E, Lazareva J, Yang SB, Turner S, et al. Changes in Food Consumption, BMI, and Body Composition in Youth in the US during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(18):6796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186796
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoursi, Nasreen, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, Megan Parker, Lucy Loch, Bess Bloomer, Jennifer Te-Vazquez, Ejike Nwosu, Julia Lazareva, Shanna B. Yang, Sara Turner, and et al. 2023. "Changes in Food Consumption, BMI, and Body Composition in Youth in the US during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 18: 6796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186796