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Volume 20
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Article

Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Health Spending in Households in Peru in the Times of the Pandemic (COVID-19)

by
Julio Cesar Quispe Mamani
1,*,
Balbina Esperanza Cutipa Quilca
2,
Rolando Cáceres Quenta
3,
Nelly Beatriz Quispe Maquera
4,
Betsy Quispe Quispe
4,
Adderly Mamani Flores
5,
Duverly Joao Incacutipa Limachi
5,
Angela Rosario Esteves Villanueva
6,
Vicente Málaga Apaza
7 and
Olimpia Tintaya Choquehuanca
5
1
Faculty of Economic Engineering, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
2
Faculty of Accounting and Administrative Sciences, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
3
Faculty of Educational Sciences, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
4
Faculty of Health Sciences, Professional School of Dentistry, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
5
Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
6
Faculty of Nursing, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
7
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(18), 6759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186759
Submission received: 31 July 2023 / Revised: 24 August 2023 / Accepted: 5 September 2023 / Published: 14 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Environmental, Health and Economic Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

In 2021, the expenses paid by households worldwide due to COVID-19 showed an increasing behavior and directly affected economic income since they were part of unforeseen expenses among households and became a factor that contributed to the increase in the levels of poverty mainly in households that were not part of the health system. The objective of this research was to establish the main determinants of out-of-pocket spending on health in Peruvian households in the times of the pandemic. A quantitative approach, of a nonexperimental type, with a descriptive and correlational methodological design was considered. The database of the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for 2021 was used as a source of information, applying the binomial logit econometric model. Out-of-pocket expenses during the pandemic compared to normal periods were shared by the members of the households. Since they were part of unforeseen expenses, these expenses mainly impacted the heads of the households and strongly affected household budgets. For this reason, the type of insurance, the suffering of household members from a disease, the results of tests for COVID-19, the expenditure on individual health, the existence of permanent limitations to any member of the household, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household determined and positively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 36.85, 8.48, 6.50, 0.0065, 23.73, 16.79, and 2.44 percentage units. However, the existence of a drinking water service in the household, educational level, and the area of residence determined and negatively influenced out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru with 4.81, 6.75, and 19.26 percentage units, respectively. The type of insurance, the suffering of an individual from a disease, the results of COVID-19 tests, health spending, the existence of permanent limitations, the presence of an older adult in the household, and the marital status of the head of the household positively determined out-of-pocket spending in households in Peru, while the existence of a potable water service, educational level, and the area of residence determined out-of-pocket expenses in a negative or indirect way.
Keywords: comprehensive health insurance; out-of-pocket expenses; older adult; illness; socioeconomic level; COVID-19 comprehensive health insurance; out-of-pocket expenses; older adult; illness; socioeconomic level; COVID-19

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Quispe Mamani, J.C.; Cutipa Quilca, B.E.; Cáceres Quenta, R.; Quispe Maquera, N.B.; Quispe Quispe, B.; Mamani Flores, A.; Incacutipa Limachi, D.J.; Esteves Villanueva, A.R.; Málaga Apaza, V.; Tintaya Choquehuanca, O. Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Health Spending in Households in Peru in the Times of the Pandemic (COVID-19). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186759

AMA Style

Quispe Mamani JC, Cutipa Quilca BE, Cáceres Quenta R, Quispe Maquera NB, Quispe Quispe B, Mamani Flores A, Incacutipa Limachi DJ, Esteves Villanueva AR, Málaga Apaza V, Tintaya Choquehuanca O. Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Health Spending in Households in Peru in the Times of the Pandemic (COVID-19). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(18):6759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186759

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quispe Mamani, Julio Cesar, Balbina Esperanza Cutipa Quilca, Rolando Cáceres Quenta, Nelly Beatriz Quispe Maquera, Betsy Quispe Quispe, Adderly Mamani Flores, Duverly Joao Incacutipa Limachi, Angela Rosario Esteves Villanueva, Vicente Málaga Apaza, and Olimpia Tintaya Choquehuanca. 2023. "Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Health Spending in Households in Peru in the Times of the Pandemic (COVID-19)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 18: 6759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186759

APA Style

Quispe Mamani, J. C., Cutipa Quilca, B. E., Cáceres Quenta, R., Quispe Maquera, N. B., Quispe Quispe, B., Mamani Flores, A., Incacutipa Limachi, D. J., Esteves Villanueva, A. R., Málaga Apaza, V., & Tintaya Choquehuanca, O. (2023). Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Health Spending in Households in Peru in the Times of the Pandemic (COVID-19). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(18), 6759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20186759

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