The Association between Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, Eating Behaviors, and Food Intake According to the Level of Sunlight Exposure in Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Primary Outcome Measure: Sunlight Exposure
2.3. Secondary Outcome Measure: Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, and Physical Activity
2.4. Tertiary Outcome Measure: Eating Behaviors and Food Intake
2.5. Other Measurements
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Study Participants According to Exposure to Sunlight
3.2. Behaviors Related to Sunlight Exposure
3.3. Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, and Physical Activity According to Sunlight Exposure
3.4. Eating Behaviors and Food Intake According to Sunlight Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Time of Sun Exposure (per Day) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h (n = 247) | 1–3 h (n = 464) | ≥3 h (n = 233) | p | ||||||
n | (%) | N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
All | 944 | (100.0) | 247 | (26.2) | 464 | (49.2) | 233 | (24.7) | |
Age | |||||||||
<30 years | 843 | (89.4) | 195 | (79.0) | 432 | (93.3) | 216 | (92.7) | <0.0001 |
≥30 years | 100 | (10.6) | 52 | (21.0) | 31 | (6.7) | 17 | (7.3) | |
Age (years) | 26.7 | ±8.3 a | 23.8 | ±5.6 b | 24.4 | ±8.3 b | <0.0001 | ||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 340 | (36.0) | 62 | (25.1) | 184 | (39.7) | 94 | (40.3) | 0.000 |
Female | 604 | (64.0) | 185 | (74.9) | 280 | (60.3) | 139 | (59.7) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) [mean ± SD] | 21.0 | ±2.9 | 20.8 | ±2.7 | 21.1 | ±2.7 | 0.518 | ||
Education level | |||||||||
≤12 years | 274 | (29.0) | 71 | (28.4) | 144 | (31.0) | 59 | (25.3) | 0.291 |
>12 years | 670 | (71.0) | 176 | (71.3) | 320 | (69.0) | 174 | (74.7) | |
Income (106 won/mo) | |||||||||
<300 | 296 | (32.6) | 90 | (37.3) | 132 | (30.0) | 74 | (32.7) | 0.036 |
300–399 | 205 | (22.6) | 57 | (23.7) | 102 | (23.2) | 46 | (20.4) | |
400–499 | 130 | (14.3) | 31 | (12.9) | 76 | (17.3) | 23 | (10.2) | |
≥500 | 276 | (30.4) | 63 | (26.1) | 130 | (29.6) | 83 | (36.7) | |
Disease | |||||||||
Yes | 221 | (23.4) | 45 | (18.2) | 123 | (26.5) | 53 | (22.8) | 0.044 |
No | 723 | (76.6) | 202 | (81.8) | 341 | (73.5) | 180 | (77.3) | |
Dietary supplement | |||||||||
No | 549 | (58.2) | 145 | (58.7) | 260 | (56.0) | 144 | (61.8) | 0.339 |
Yes | 395 | (41.8) | 102 | (41.3) | 204 | (44.0) | 89 | (38.2) | |
Smoking | |||||||||
Non-smoker | 738 | (83.5) | 206 | (84.1) | 389 | (84.6) | 188 | (80.7) | 0.556 |
Past smoker | 63 | (6.7) | 16 | (6.5) | 26 | (5.7) | 21 | (9.0) | |
Current smoker | 92 | (9.8) | 23 | (9.4) | 45 | (9.8) | 24 | (10.3) | |
Passive smoking | |||||||||
Never | 285 | (30.9) | 85 | (34.8) | 140 | (30.9) | 60 | (26.8) | 0.163 |
1–2/week | 321 | (34.9) | 91 | (37.3) | 157 | (34.7) | 73 | (32.6) | |
3–4/week | 172 | (18.7) | 36 | (14.8) | 88 | (19.4) | 48 | (21.4) | |
Over 5/week | 143 | (15.5) | 32 | (13.1) | 68 | (15.0) | 43 | (19.2) | |
Drinking | |||||||||
Non-drinker | 215 | (22.8) | 82 | (33.3) | 90 | (19.4) | 43 | (18.5) | 0.000 |
Past drinker | 115 | (12.2) | 27 | (11.0) | 59 | (12.7) | 29 | (12.5) | |
Current drinker | 613 | (65.0) | 137 | (55.7) | 315 | (67.9) | 161 | (69.1) |
All | Time of Sun Exposure (per Day) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h (n = 247) | 1–3 h (n = 464) | ≥3 h (n = 233) | p | ||||||
n | (%) | N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Time outdoors (Monday–Friday, 9 am–5 pm) | |||||||||
Never | 251 | (26.6) | 99 | (40.1) | 111 | (24) | 41 | (17.6) | <0.0001 |
<3 h | 571 | (60.6) | 140 | (56.7) | 321 | (69.3) | 110 | (47.2) | |
≥3 h | 121 | (12.8) | 8 | (3.2) | 31 | (6.7) | 82 | (35.2) | |
Time outdoors (Saturday–Sunday, 9 am–5 pm) | |||||||||
Never | 323 | (34.2) | 106 | (42.9) | 153 | (33) | 64 | (27.5) | <0.0001 |
<3 h | 391 | (41.4) | 106 | (42.9) | 204 | (44) | 81 | (34.8) | |
≥3 h | 144 | (15.3) | 12 | (4.9) | 66 | (14.2) | 66 | (28.3) | |
School or working | 86 | (9.1) | 23 | (9.3) | 41 | (8.8) | 22 | (9.4) | |
Stay in shade | |||||||||
Frequent | 347 | (36.8) | 105 | (42.7) | 169 | (36.5) | 73 | (31.3) | 0.050 |
Moderate | 372 | (39.5) | 81 | (32.9) | 184 | (39.7) | 107 | (45.9) | |
Rare | 223 | (23.7) | 60 | (24.4) | 110 | (23.8) | 53 | (22.8) | |
Use sunscreen | |||||||||
Frequent | 487 | (51.6) | 124 | (50.2) | 244 | (52.6) | 119 | (51.1) | 0.682 |
Moderate | 143 | (15.2) | 44 | (17.8) | 63 | (13.6) | 36 | (15.5) | |
Rare | 314 | (33.3) | 79 | (32) | 157 | (33.8) | 78 | (33.5) | |
Tanning or burning | |||||||||
Yes | 163 | (17.3) | 43 | (17.6) | 89 | (19.2) | 31 | (13.3) | 0.153 |
No | 779 | (82.7) | 202 | (82.5) | 375 | (80.8) | 202 | (86.7) |
Time of Sun Exposure (per Day) | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h (n = 247) | 1–3 h (n = 464) | ≥3 h (n = 233) | |||||
N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Self-rated health status | |||||||
Good | 115 | (46.6) | 293 | (63.3) | 144 | (61.8) | 0.000 |
Fair | 108 | (13.7) | 145 | (31.3) | 73 | (31.3) | |
Poor | 24 | (9.7) | 25 | (5.4) | 16 | (6.9) | |
Stress | |||||||
Healthy (<9) | 21 | (8.5) | 56 | (12.1) | 33 | (14.2) | 0.034 |
Potentially stressed (9–27) | 170 | (68.8) | 340 | (73.3) | 164 | (70.4) | |
High-risk (≥27) | 56 | (22.7) | 68 | (14.7) | 36 | (15.5) | |
Total score of stress (max = 54) | 20.0 | ±8.5 a | 18.0 | ±8.2 b | 17.5 | ±8.5 b | 0.002 |
Total score of SF-12 (max = 100) | 67.9 | ±0.9 | 67.6 | ±7.0 | 67.7 | ±7.5 | 0.924 |
Self-rated health status | 2.53 | ±0.81 a | 2.29 | ±0.76 b | 2.30 | ±0.83 b | 0.004 |
Physical activity | |||||||
Vigorous activity (days) | 1.30 | ±1.63 b | 1.94 | ±1.86 a | 2.20 | ±2.12 a | 0.000 |
Moderate activity (days) | 1.33 | ±1.72 b | 1.83 | ±1.93 a | 2.02 | ±2.15 a | 0.000 |
Walking activity (days) | 4.89 | ±2.15 b | 5.71 | ±0.81 a | 5.82 | ±1.87 a | <0.0001 |
Time of Sun Exposure (per Day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h (n = 247) | 1–3 h (n = 464) | ≥3 h (n = 233) | p | ||||
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | ||
Milk & dairy products | 2.17 | ±0.77 | 2.06 | ±0.82 | 2.12 | ±0.76 | 0.194 |
Meat, fish, egg, bean, or tofu | 1.98 | ±0.72 | 1.89 | ±0.74 | 1.9 | ±0.72 | 0.267 |
Vegetable & kimchi in every meal | 1.91 | ±0.75 | 1.84 | ±0.74 | 1.83 | ±0.74 | 0.375 |
Fruit or fruit juice everyday | 2.12 | ±0.79 | 2.05 | ±0.78 | 2 | ±0.78 | 0.254 |
Fried or stir-fried food | 1.95 | ±0.71 a | 1.8 | ±0.71 b | 1.78 | ±0.7 b | 0.011 |
Fatty meat | 2.19 | ±0.74 a | 1.97 | ±0.75 b | 1.9 | ±0.72 b | <0.0001 |
Add table salt or soy sauce to food before eating | 2.5 | ±0.64 a | 2.46 | ±0.69 a | 2.27 | ±0.76 b | 0.000 |
Eat three regular meals a day | 2.06 | ±0.76 b | 2.08 | ±0.79 b | 2.22 | ±0.76 a | 0.046 |
Ice cream, cake, snack or soft drink | 1.93 | ±0.76 a | 1.83 | ±0.76 a,b | 1.76 | ±0.76 b | 0.049 |
Variety of foods | 1.78 | ±0.72 | 1.69 | ±0.72 | 1.74 | ±0.72 | 0.269 |
Total score | 19.4 | ±3.0 b | 19.5 | ±3.0 b | 20.1 | ±3.0 a | 0.032 |
Time of Sun Exposure (per day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h (n = 247) | 1–3 h (n = 464) | ≥3 h (n = 233) | p | ||||
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | ||
Cereals | 0.09 | ±0.18 b | 0.14 | ±0.28 a | 0.17 | ±0.43 a | 0.014 |
Milk & dairy foods | 1.17 | ±1.08 b | 1.34 | ±0.28 a,b | 1.50 | ±1.37 a | 0.018 |
Soy milk | 0.10 | ±0.22 | 0.14 | ±0.27 | 0.12 | ±0.20 | 0.156 |
Orange juice | 0.12 | ±0.22c | 0.18 | ±0.31 b | 0.23 | ±0.41 a | 0.001 |
Fishes | 0.45 | ±0.54 | 0.51 | ±0.67 | 0.53 | ±0.57 | 0.281 |
Pork | 0.39 | ±0.47 b | 0.44 | ±0.52 a,b | 0.51 | ±0.49 a | 0.043 |
Eggs | 0.35 | ±0.43 | 0.35 | ±0.39 | 0.33 | ±0.32 | 0.831 |
Mushroom | 0.23 | ±0.37 | 0.27 | ±0.38 | 0.29 | ±0.37 | 0.158 |
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Hwang, H.-J.; Choi, Y.-J.; Hong, D. The Association between Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, Eating Behaviors, and Food Intake According to the Level of Sunlight Exposure in Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010262
Hwang H-J, Choi Y-J, Hong D. The Association between Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, Eating Behaviors, and Food Intake According to the Level of Sunlight Exposure in Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010262
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Hyo-Jeong, Yean-Jung Choi, and Dongwan Hong. 2023. "The Association between Self-Rated Health Status, Psychosocial Stress, Eating Behaviors, and Food Intake According to the Level of Sunlight Exposure in Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010262