Network Analysis of Neurobehavioral Symptom Patterns in an International Sample of Spanish-Speakers with a History of COVID-19 and Controls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Network Structure
3.2. Global Network Comparisons
3.3. Edge Comparisons
3.4. Centrality Comparisons
4. Discussion
4.1. Connections with Previous Research and Implications
4.2. Study limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | COVID+ | COVID− | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), M 1, SD 2 | 43.5 | 11.9 | 33.9 | 13.2 |
Gender, N, % | ||||
Man | 130 | 20.0 | 140 | 31.6 |
Woman | 519 | 79.8 | 303 | 68.4 |
Non-binary, transgender, or other | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
Highest level of education completed, N, % | ||||
Some school education | 12 | 1.8 | 54 | 12.4 |
Graduated high school | 31 | 4.9 | 40 | 9.1 |
Some college/technical degree | 145 | 22.3 | 69 | 15.7 |
Completed undergraduate education | 201 | 30.9 | 47 | 10.9 |
Postgraduate education (some or completed) | 261 | 40.1 | 230 | 51.9 |
Days from COVID-19 diagnosis, M, SD | 147.6 | 98.9 | - | - |
Node | Symptom Group | COVID+ | COVID− |
---|---|---|---|
Annoyed | Affective | 0.46 | 0.61 |
Appetite | Somatosensory | 0.21 | 0.34 |
Balance | Somatosensory | 0.80 | 0.56 |
Clumsy | Somatosensory | 0.70 | 0.42 |
Concentrate | Cognitive | 0.51 | 0.21 |
Decide | Cognitive | 0.83 | 0.59 |
Dizzy | Somatosensory | 0.79 | 0.82 |
Fatigue | Affective | 0.60 | 0.00 |
Forget | Cognitive | 0.88 | 0.91 |
Frustrated | Affective | 0.97 | 0.92 |
Head | Affective | 1.06 | 0.87 |
Hearing | Somatosensory | 0.95 | 0.53 |
Light | Somatosensory | 0.28 | 0.43 |
Nausea | Somatosensory | 0.42 | 0.46 |
Noise | Somatosensory | 0.31 | 0.23 |
Numb | Somatosensory | 0.75 | 0.51 |
Organize | Cognitive | 0.64 | 0.85 |
Sad | Affective | 0.78 | 0.76 |
Sleep | Affective | 0.49 | 0.30 |
Taste | Somatosensory | 0.27 | 0.17 |
Tense | Affective | 0.88 | 0.55 |
Vision | Somatosensory | 0.54 | 0.42 |
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Perrin, P.B.; Ramos-Usuga, D.; West, S.J.; Merced, K.; Klyce, D.W.; Lequerica, A.H.; Olabarrieta-Landa, L.; Alzueta, E.; Baker, F.C.; Iacovides, S.; et al. Network Analysis of Neurobehavioral Symptom Patterns in an International Sample of Spanish-Speakers with a History of COVID-19 and Controls. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010183
Perrin PB, Ramos-Usuga D, West SJ, Merced K, Klyce DW, Lequerica AH, Olabarrieta-Landa L, Alzueta E, Baker FC, Iacovides S, et al. Network Analysis of Neurobehavioral Symptom Patterns in an International Sample of Spanish-Speakers with a History of COVID-19 and Controls. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010183
Chicago/Turabian StylePerrin, Paul B., Daniela Ramos-Usuga, Samuel J. West, Kritzia Merced, Daniel W. Klyce, Anthony H. Lequerica, Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa, Elisabet Alzueta, Fiona C. Baker, Stella Iacovides, and et al. 2023. "Network Analysis of Neurobehavioral Symptom Patterns in an International Sample of Spanish-Speakers with a History of COVID-19 and Controls" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010183