Association between Self-Perceived Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Depend on Restless Leg Symptoms in Korean Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims of the Present Study
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Demographics
2.3. Measurement of Symptoms of RLS and Self-Perceived PLMS
2.4. Other Sleep-Related Measures
2.5. Socio-Behavioral Factors
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Demographics
3.2. Characteristics of Participants with Self-Perceived PLMS
3.3. Characteristics of Participants with Self-Perceived PLMS in Participants with Restless Leg Symptoms
3.4. Logistic Regression Model for the Presence of Self-Perceived PLMS in Participants with Restless Legs Symptoms
3.5. Characteristics of Participants with Self-Perceived PLMS in Participants in the Absence of Restless Legs Symptoms
3.6. Logistic Regression Model for Self-Perceived PLMS in Participants in the Absence of Restless Legs Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Characteristic | Absence | Presence | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 23,974 | 504 | 24,478 | |
Grade level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
M1 | 4196 (17.50) | 54 (10.71) | 4250 (17.36) | |
M2 | 4225 (17.62) | 70 (13.89) | 4295 (17.55) | |
M3 | 4067 (16.96) | 97 (19.25) | 4164 (17.01) | |
H1 | 4012 (16.73) | 118 (23.41) | 4130 (16.87) | |
H2 | 3861 (16.10) | 86 (17.06) | 3947 (16.12) | |
H3 | 3613 (15.07) | 79 (15.67) | 3692 (15.08) | |
Sex, n (%) | 0.029 | |||
Female | 12,449 (51.93) | 237 (47.02) | 12,686 (51.83) | |
Male | 11,525 (48.07) | 267 (52.98) | 11,792 (48.17) | |
Age, mean ± SD | 15.75 ± 1.74 | 16.00 ± 1.58 | 15.76 ± 1.74 | <0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SD | 20.68 ± 3.25 | 20.97 ± 3.38 | 20.69 ± 3.26 | 0.049 |
Category, n (%) | 0.851 | |||
Underweight | 1796 (7.49) | 40 (7.94) | 1836 (7.50) | |
Normal | 18,754 (78.23) | 386 (76.59) | 19,140 (78.19) | |
Overweight | 1745 (7.28) | 40 (7.94) | 1785 (7.29) | |
Obese | 1679 (7.00) | 38 (7.54) | 1717 (7.01) | |
Snored, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 19,470 (81.21) | 351 (69.64) | 19,821 (80.97) | |
Sometimes | 3491 (14.56) | 88 (17.46) | 3579 (14.62) | |
Usually/Always | 1013 (4.23) | 65 (12.90) | 1078 (4.40) | |
Experienced apnea, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 22,304 (93.03) | 397 (78.77) | 22,701 (92.74) | |
Sometimes | 1427 (5.95) | 74 (14.68) | 1501 (6.13) | |
Usually/Always | 243 (1.01) | 33 (6.55) | 276 (1.13) | |
Perceived sleep sufficiency | <0.001 | |||
Sufficient | 9164 (38.22) | 132 (26.19) | 9296 (37.98) | |
Much | 1479 (6.17) | 26 (5.16) | 1505 (6.15) | |
Insufficient | 13,331 (55.61) | 346 (68.65) | 13,677 (55.87) | |
ESS, mean ± SD | 14.16 ± 3.82 | 16.24 ± 4.38 | 14.21 ± 3.84 | <0.001 |
EDS | <0.001 | |||
ESS < 11, n (%) | 3934 (16.41) | 34 (6.75) | 3968 (16.21) | |
ESS ≥ 11, n (%) | 20,040 (83.59) | 470 (93.25) | 20,510 (83.79) | |
Internet addiction proneness, mean ± SD | 28.08 ± 7.95 | 31.33 ± 10.28 | 28.15 ± 8.02 | <0.001 |
Coffee | <0.001 | |||
Never | 15,730 (65.61) | 280 (55.56) | 16,010 (65.41) | |
Sometimes | 7038 (29.36) | 173 (34.33) | 7211 (29.46) | |
Often | 1206 (5.03) | 51 (10.12) | 1257 (5.14) | |
Alcohol | <0.001 | |||
Never | 22,213 (92.65) | 429 (85.12) | 22,642 (92.50) | |
Sometimes | 1685 (7.03) | 67 (13.29) | 1752 (7.16) | |
Often | 76 (0.32) | 8 (1.59) | 84 (0.34) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||
Never | 22,458 (93.68) | 439 (87.10) | 22,897 (93.54) | |
Sometimes | 579 (2.42) | 32 (6.35) | 611 (2.50) | |
Often | 937 (3.91) | 33 (6.55) | 970 (3.96) | |
Nocturnal eating | <0.001 | |||
Never | 5981 (24.95) | 87 (17.26) | 6068 (24.79) | |
Sometimes | 13,236 (55.21) | 287 (56.94) | 13,523 (55.25) | |
Often | 4757 (19.84) | 130 (25.79) | 4887 (19.96) | |
Co-sleeping with housemate | 0.251 | |||
With | 8778 (36.61) | 172 (34.13) | 8950 (36.56) | |
Without | 15,196 (63.39) | 332 (65.87) | 15,528 (63.44) | |
Co-sleeping with doll or pet | 0.01 | |||
With | 4006 (16.71) | 106 (21.03) | 4112 (16.80) | |
Without | 19,968 (83.29) | 398 (78.97) | 20,366 (83.20) | |
Television/Radio during sleep | 0.006 | |||
On | 2193 (9.15) | 64 (12.70) | 2257 (9.22) | |
Off | 21,781 (90.85) | 440 (87.30) | 22,221 (90.78) |
Appendix B
Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Grade | ||
M1 | Ref. | |
M2 | 1.252 (0.826–1.899) | 0.29 |
M3 | 2.010 (1.211–3.335) | 0.007 |
H1 | 2.398 (1.245–4.619) | 0.009 |
H2 | 1.817 (0.791–4.172) | 0.159 |
H3 | 2.054 (0.755–5.584) | 0.158 |
Sex | ||
Female | Ref. | |
Male | 1.343 (1.095–1.646) | 0.005 |
Age | 0.893 (0.739–1.080) | 0.243 |
BMI | ||
Underweight | Ref. | |
Normal | 0.951 (0.675–1.338) | 0.772 |
Overweight | 1.064 (0.669–1.692) | 0.793 |
Obese | 0.786 (0.479–1.290) | 0.341 |
Snored | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes | 0.927 (0.714–1.204) | 0.571 |
Usually/Always | 2.024 (1.479–2.770) | <0.001 |
Experienced apnea | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes | 2.001 (1.505–2.660) | <0.001 |
Usually/Always | 4.268 (2.796–6.513) | <0.001 |
Perceived sleep sufficiency | ||
Sufficient | Ref. | |
Insufficient | 1.386 (1.123–1.711) | 0.003 |
EDS | ||
ESS < 11 | Ref. | |
ESS ≥ 11 | 1.704 (1.174–2.475) | 0.005 |
Internet addiction | 1.029 (1.019–1.039) | <0.001 |
Coffee | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.184 (0.978–1.433) | 0.084 |
Alcohol | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.358 (0.975–1.890) | 0.07 |
Smoking | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.251 (0.875–1.789) | 0.22 |
Nocturnal eating | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.234 (0.961–1.585) | 0.1 |
Co-sleeping with housemate | ||
With | 1.070 (0.880–1.301) | 0.497 |
Without | Ref. | |
Co-sleeping with doll or pet | ||
With | 1.060 (0.833–1.349) | 0.636 |
Without | Ref. | |
Television/Radio during sleep | ||
On | 1.171 (0.882–1.554) | 0.276 |
Off | Ref. |
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Characteristic | Presence | Absence | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 903 (3.50) | 24,886 (96.50) | 25,789 (100.00) | |
Grade level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
M1 | 92 (10.19) | 4354 (17.50) | 4446 (17.24) | |
M2 | 121 (13.40) | 4380 (17.60) | 4501 (17.45) | |
M3 | 160 (17.72) | 4233 (17.01) | 4393 (17.03) | |
H1 | 201 (22.26) | 4179 (16.79) | 4380 (16.98) | |
H2 | 178 (19.71) | 4002 (16.08) | 4180 (16.21) | |
H3 | 151 (16.72) | 3738 (15.02) | 3889 (15.08) | |
Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Female | 403 (44.63) | 12,876 (51.74) | 13,279 (51.49) | |
Male | 500 (55.37) | 12,010 (48.26) | 12,510 (48.51) | |
Age, mean ± SD | 16.11 ± 1.60 | 15.75 ± 1.74 | 15.76 ± 1.73 | <0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SD | 21.12 ± 3.51 | 20.69 ± 3.26 | 20.70 ± 3.27 | <0.001 |
Category, n (%) | 0.227 | |||
Underweight | 66 (7.31) | 1863 (7.49) | 1929 (7.48) | |
Normal | 686 (75.97) | 19,447 (78.14) | 20,133 (78.07) | |
Overweight | 73 (8.08) | 1821 (7.32) | 1894 (7.34) | |
Obese | 78 (8.64) | 1755 (7.05) | 1833 (7.11) | |
Snored, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 576 (63.79) | 20,067 (80.64) | 20,643 (80.05) | |
Sometimes | 177 (19.60) | 3673 (14.76) | 3850 (14.93) | |
Usually/Always | 150 (16.61) | 1146 (4.60) | 1296 (5.03) | |
Experienced apnea, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 633 (70.10) | 22,990 (92.38) | 23,623 (91.60) | |
Sometimes | 167 (18.49) | 1595 (6.41) | 1762 (6.83) | |
Usually/Always | 103 (11.41) | 301 (1.21) | 404 (1.57) | |
Perceived sleep sufficiency | <0.001 | |||
Sufficient | 208 (23.03) | 9388 (37.72) | 9596 (37.21) | |
Much | 37 (4.10) | 1525 (6.13) | 1562 (6.06) | |
Insufficient | 658 (72.87) | 13,973 (56.15) | 14,631 (56.73) | |
ESS, mean ± SD | 17.07 ± 4.93 | 14.25 ± 3.87 | 14.35 ± 3.95 | <0.001 |
EDS | <0.001 | |||
ESS < 11, n (%) | 58 (6.42) | 4001 (16.08) | 4059 (15.74) | |
ESS ≥ 11, n (%) | 845 (93.58) | 20,885 (83.92) | 21,730 (84.26) | |
Internet addiction proneness, mean ± SD | 32.45 ± 11.68 | 28.21 ± 8.06 | 28.36 ± 8.25 | <0.001 |
Coffee | <0.001 | |||
Never | 470 (52.05) | 16,280 (65.42) | 16,750 (64.95) | |
Sometimes | 328 (36.32) | 7324 (29.43) | 7652 (29.67) | |
Often | 105 (11.63) | 1282 (5.15) | 1387 (5.38) | |
Alcohol | <0.001 | |||
Never | 737 (81.62) | 23,009 (92.46) | 23,746 (92.08) | |
Sometimes | 134 (14.84) | 1794 (7.21) | 1928 (7.48) | |
Often | 32 (3.54) | 83 (0.33) | 115 (0.45) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||
Never | 766 (84.83) | 23,270 (93.51) | 24,036 (93.20) | |
Sometimes | 54 (5.98) | 610 (2.45) | 664 (2.57) | |
Often | 83 (9.19) | 1006 (4.04) | 1089 (4.22) | |
Nocturnal eating | <0.001 | |||
Never | 147 (16.28) | 6180 (24.83) | 6327 (24.53) | |
Sometimes | 485 (53.71) | 13,724 (55.15) | 14,209 (55.10) | |
Often | 271 (30.01) | 4982 (20.02) | 5253 (20.37) | |
Co-sleeping with housemate | 0.283 | |||
With | 314 (34.77) | 9089 (36.52) | 9403 (36.46) | |
Without | 589 (65.23) | 15,797 (63.48) | 16,386 (63.54) | |
Co-sleeping with doll or pet | < 0.001 | |||
With | 211 (23.37) | 4213 (16.93) | 4424 (17.15) | |
Without | 692 (76.63) | 20,673 (83.07) | 21,365 (82.85) | |
Television/Radio during sleep | <0.001 | |||
On | 135 (14.95) | 2326 (9.35) | 2461 (9.54) | |
Off | 768 (85.05) | 22,560 (90.65) | 23,328 (90.46) | |
Restless legs symptoms | <0.001 | |||
Never/Sometimes | 504 (55.81) | 23,974 (96.34) | 24,478 (94.92) | |
Usually/Always | 399 (44.19) | 912 (3.66) | 1311 (5.08) |
Characteristic | Presence | Absence | Total | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 399 | 912 | 1311 | |
Grade level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
M1 | 38 (9.52) | 158 (17.32) | 196 (14.95) | |
M2 | 51 (12.78) | 155 (17.00) | 206 (15.71) | |
M3 | 63 (15.79) | 166 (18.20) | 229 (17.47) | |
H1 | 83 (20.80) | 167 (18.31) | 250 (19.07) | |
H2 | 92 (23.06) | 141 (15.46) | 233 (17.77) | |
H3 | 72 (18.05) | 125 (13.71) | 197 (15.03) | |
Sex, n (%) | 0.081 | |||
Female | 166 (41.60) | 427 (46.82) | 593 (45.23) | |
Male | 233 (58.40) | 485 (53.18) | 718 (54.77) | |
Age, mean ± SD | 16.25 ± 1.60 | 15.74 ± 1.67 | 15.89 ± 1.67 | 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SD | 21.30 ± 3.67 | 20.88 ± 3.49 | 21.00 ± 3.55 | 0.048 |
Category, n (%) | 0.755 | |||
Underweight | 26 (6.52) | 67 (7.35) | 93 (7.09) | |
Normal | 300 (75.19) | 693 (75.99) | 993 (75.74) | |
Overweight | 33 (8.27) | 76 (8.33) | 109 (8.31) | |
Obese | 40 (10.03) | 76 (8.33) | 116 (8.85) | |
Snored, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
Never | 225 (56.39) | 597 (65.46) | 822 (62.70) | |
Sometimes | 89 (22.31) | 182 (19.96) | 271 (20.67) | |
Usually/Always | 85 (21.30) | 133 (14.58) | 218 (16.63) | |
Experienced apnea, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 236 (59.15) | 686 (75.22) | 922 (70.33) | |
Sometimes | 93 (23.31) | 168 (18.42) | 261 (19.91) | |
Usually/Always | 70 (17.54) | 58 (6.36) | 128 (9.76) | |
Perceived sleep sufficiency | 0.009 | |||
Sufficient | 76 (19.05) | 224 (24.56) | 300 (22.88) | |
Much | 11 (2.76) | 46 (5.04) | 57 (4.35) | |
Insufficient | 312 (78.20) | 642 (70.39) | 954 (72.77) | |
ESS, mean ± SD | 18.11 ± 5.37 | 16.52 ± 4.59 | 17.00 ± 4.90 | 0.001 |
EDS | 0.383 | |||
ESS < 11, n (%) | 24 (6.02) | 67 (7.35) | 91 (6.94) | |
ESS ≥ 11, n (%) | 375 (93.98) | 845 (92.65) | 1220 (93.06) | |
Internet addiction proneness, mean ± SD | 33.86 ± 13.12 | 31.56 ± 9.95 | 32.26 ± 11.06 | 0.002 |
Coffee | <0.001 | |||
Never | 190 (47.62) | 550 (60.31) | 740 (56.45) | |
Sometimes | 155 (38.85) | 286 (31.36) | 441 (33.64) | |
Often | 54 (13.53) | 76 (8.33) | 130 (9.92) | |
Alcohol | <0.001 | |||
Never | 308 (77.19) | 796 (87.28) | 1104 (84.21) | |
Sometimes | 67 (16.79) | 109 (11.95) | 176 (13.42) | |
Often | 24 (6.02) | 7 (0.77) | 31 (2.36) | |
Smoking | 0.002 | |||
Never | 327 (81.95) | 812 (89.04) | 1139 (86.88) | |
Sometimes | 22 (5.51) | 31 (3.40) | 53 (4.04) | |
Often | 50 (12.53) | 69 (7.57) | 119 (9.08) | |
Nocturnal eating | <0.001 | |||
Never | 60 (15.04) | 199 (21.82) | 259 (19.76) | |
Sometimes | 198 (49.62) | 488 (53.51) | 686 (52.33) | |
Often | 141 (35.34) | 225 (24.67) | 366 (27.92) | |
Co-sleeping with housemate | 0.602 | |||
With | 257 (64.41) | 601 (65.90) | 858 (65.45) | |
Without | 142 (35.59) | 311 (34.10) | 453 (34.55) | |
Co-sleeping with doll or pet | 0.157 | |||
With | 105 (26.32) | 207 (22.70) | 312 (23.80) | |
Without | 294 (73.68) | 705 (77.30) | 999 (76.20) | |
Television/radio during sleep | 0.140 | |||
On | 71 (17.79) | 133 (14.58) | 204 (15.56) | |
Off | 328 (82.21) | 779 (85.42) | 1107 (84.44) |
Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Grade | ||
M1 | Ref. | |
M2 | 1.205 (0.695–2.087) | 0.506 |
M3 | 1.190 (0.596–2.374) | 0.622 |
H1 | 1.368 (0.573–3.266) | 0.481 |
H2 | 1.612 (0.547–4.752) | 0.387 |
H3 | 1.287 (0.341–4.866) | 0.710 |
Sex | ||
Female | Ref. | |
Male | 1.528 (1.145–2.040) | 0.004 |
Age | 1.118 (0.865–1.445) | 0.396 |
BMI | ||
Underweight | Ref. | |
Normal | 1.173 (0.714–1.929) | 0.529 |
Overweight | 1.229 (0.644–2.345) | 0.531 |
Obese | 1.204 (0.637–2.276) | 0.569 |
Snored | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes | 1.095 (0.800–1.499) | 0.571 |
Usually/Always | 1.107 (0.763–1.606) | 0.593 |
Experienced apnea | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes | 1.421 (1.036–1.949) | 0.029 |
Usually/Always | 3.006 (1.954–4.624) | <0.001 |
Perceived sleep sufficiency | ||
Sufficient | Ref. | |
Insufficient | 1.143 (0.835–1.565) | 0.404 |
EDS | ||
ESS < 11 | Ref. | |
ESS ≥ 11 | 0.826 (0.488–1.398) | 0.476 |
Internet addiction proneness | 1.013 (1.001–1.025) | 0.031 |
Coffee | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.312 (1.015–1.695) | 0.038 |
Alcohol | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.302 (0.882–1.923) | 0.184 |
Smoking | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.067 (0.690–1.651) | 0.771 |
Nocturnal eating | ||
Never | Ref. | |
Sometimes/Often | 1.328 (0.942–1.872) | 0.106 |
Co-sleeping with housemate | ||
With | 1.103 (0.847–1.436) | 0.465 |
Without | Ref. | |
Co-sleeping with doll or pet | ||
With | 1.074 (0.793–1.456) | 0.643 |
Without | Ref. | |
Television/radio during sleep | ||
On | 1.092 (0.781–1.526) | 0.606 |
Off | Ref. |
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Kim, H.; Yang, K.I.; Sunwoo, J.-S.; Park, J.; Heo, N.H.; Kim, J.H.; Hong, S.B. Association between Self-Perceived Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Depend on Restless Leg Symptoms in Korean Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084751
Kim H, Yang KI, Sunwoo J-S, Park J, Heo NH, Kim JH, Hong SB. Association between Self-Perceived Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Depend on Restless Leg Symptoms in Korean Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084751
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyeyun, Kwang Ik Yang, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Jongkyu Park, Nam Hun Heo, Jee Hyun Kim, and Seung Bong Hong. 2022. "Association between Self-Perceived Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Depend on Restless Leg Symptoms in Korean Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084751