Salinity as a Determinant Structuring Microbial Communities in Coastal Lakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Physico-Chemical Analyses of Water
2.4. Microbial Community Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water
3.2. Bacterioplankton Characteristics in Coastal Lakes
3.3. Environmental Determinants of Bacterial Communities Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lake Name | Geographic Coordinates | Area (ha) | Mean Depth (m) | Type of Lake According to Venetian Classification | Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liwia Łuża | 54°05′ N, 15°06′ E | 172 | 1.0 | Limnetic/oligohaline | Transitional |
Resko Przymorskie | 54°09′ N, 15°21′ E | 554 | 1.6 | Mesohaline | Brackish |
Wicko Przymorskie | 54°33′ N, 16°38′ E | 977 | 2.4 | Limnetic | Freshwater |
Kopań | 54°29′ N, 16°27′ E | 753 | 1.5 | Limnetic/Oligohaline | Transitional |
Gardno | 54°39′ N, 17°07′ E | 2261 | 1.4 | Oligohaline /Limnetic | Transitional |
Łebsko | 54°43′ N, 17°25′ E | 7020 | 1.6 | Oligohaline/Mesohaline | Brackish |
Dołgie Wielkie | 54°42′ N, 17°12′ E | 136 | 1.4 | Limnetic | Freshwater |
Sarbsko | 54°46′ N, 17°38′ E | 610 | 1.2 | Limnetic | Freshwater |
Ptasi Raj | 54°22′ N, 18°48′ E | 53 | 1.2 | Mesohaline | Brackish |
Probe | Sequence | Target rRNA | Specificity | FA ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
[%] | ||||
EUB338 | 5’-GCT GCC TCC CGT AGG AGT-3’ | 16S | Most bacteria | 35 |
EUB338II | 5’-GCA GCC ACC CGT AGG TGT-3’ | 16S | Planctomycetales | 35 |
EUB338III | 5’-GCT GCC ACC CGT AGG TGT-3’ | 16S | Verrucomicrobiales | 35 |
NON338 | 5’-ACT CCT ACG GGA GGC AGC-3’ | 16S | Control probe complementary to EUB338 | 35 |
ALF968 | 5’-GGT AAG GTT CTG CGC GTT-3’ | 16S | Alphaproteobacteria, except of Rickettsiales | 20 |
BET42a | 5’-GCC TTC CCA CTT CGT TT-3’ | 23S | Betaproteobacteria | 35 |
5’-GCC TTC CCA CAT CGT TT-3’ * | ||||
GAM42a | 5’-GCC TTC CCA CAT CGT TT-3’ | 23S | Gammaproteobacteria | 35 |
5’-GCC TTC CCA CTT CGT TT-3’ * | ||||
DELTA495a | 5’-AGT TAG CCG GTG CTT CCT-3’ | 16S | Most Deltaproteobacteria | 35 |
5’-AGT TAG CCG GTG CTT CTT-3’ * | and most Gemmatimonadetes | |||
DELTA495b | 5’-AGT TAG CCG GCG CTT CCT-3’ | 16S | Some Deltaproteobacteria | 35 |
5’-AGT TAG CCG GCG CTT CKT-3’ * | ||||
DELTA495c | 5’-AAT TAG CCG GTG CTT CCT-3’ | 16S | Some Deltaproteobacteria | 35 |
5’-AAT TAG CCG GTG CTT CTT-3’ * | ||||
CF319a | 5’-TGG TCC GTG TCT CAG TAC-3’ | 16S | Most Flavobacteria, some Bacteroidetes, some Sphingobacteria | 35 |
HGC69a | 5’-TAT AGT TAC CAC CGC CGT-3’ | 23S | Actinobacteria (high G+C Gram-positive bacteria) | 25 |
5’-TAT AGT TAC GGC CGC CGT-3’ * |
Brackish (N = 90) | Transitional (N = 90) | Freshwater (N = 102) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | ||
EC | µS/cm | 6731 c | 3567 | 1802 b | 1150 | 342 a | 254 |
pH * | - | 8.43 a | - | 8.80 c | - | 8.65 b | - |
DO | % | 92.05 a | 27.37 | 113.68 c | 24.05 | 102.18 b | 22.34 |
Chl-a | µg/L | 23.26 a | 32.84 | 30.601 a | 46.56 | 71.31 b | 132.97 |
Salinity | PSU | 5.02 c | 2.83 | 1.17 b | 0.86 | 0.24 a | 0.15 |
TOC | mg/L | 12.74 a | 5.05 | 20.02 b | 13.87 | 21.623 b | 13.97 |
DOC | mg/L | 7.18 a | 3.23 | 11.55 b | 6.91 | 12.11 b | 5.29 |
N-NO2− | mg/L | 0.006 b | 0.001 | 0.006 b | 0.001 | 0.005 a | 0.001 |
N-NO3− | mg/L | 0.89 b | 0.73 | 0.76 b | 0.58 | 0.55 a | 0.42 |
N-NH4+ | mg/L | 0.37 b | 0.32 | 0.378 b | 0.37 | 0.19 a | 0.13 |
TIN | mg/L | 1.25 b | 0.72 | 1.14 b | 0.61 | 0.75 a | 0.40 |
TP | mg/L | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.25 |
P-PO43− | mg/L | 0.14 b | 0.139 | 0.10 a | 0.080 | 0.13 b | 0.094 |
Freshwater (N = 102) | Transitional (N = 90) | Brackish (N = 90) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | |
Alphaproteobacteria | 4.37 c | 1.12 | 5.27 b | 1.94 | 6.70 a | 1.47 |
Betaproteobacteria | 17.25 a | 4.70 | 16.13 a | 6.33 | 12.22 b | 3.74 |
Gammaproteobacteria | 9.51 b | 3.80 | 11.42 a | 3.11 | 12.23 a | 3.03 |
Deltaproteobacteria | 10.27 a | 3.20 | 12.33 b | 5.09 | 10.10 a | 3.74 |
Cytophaga-Flavobacterium | 15.21 a | 4.67 | 14.06 a | 4.81 | 14.09 a | 4.54 |
Actinobacteria | 30.07 a | 6.83 | 31.79 a | 5.74 | 26.82 b | 10.05 |
Total (TBN × 106 cells/mL) | 6.93 b | 3.58 | 5.48 a | 2.91 | 4.79 a | 2.26 |
Groups of Bacteria | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actino | Beta- | C-F | Delta- | Gamma- | Alpha- | ||
Average dissimilarity | 5.0 | 3.5 | 3.14 | 2.85 | 2.38 | 1.3 | |
Contribution % | 27.6 | 19.3 | 17.23 | 15.65 | 13.04 | 7.2 | |
Cumulative % | 27.6 | 46.9 | 64.2 | 79.8 | 92.9 | 100.0 | |
Mean | Freshwater | 30.1 | 17.3 | 15.2 | 10.3 | 9.51 | 4.4 |
Transitional | 31.8 | 16.1 | 14.1 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 5.3 | |
Brackish | 26.8 | 12.2 | 14.1 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 6.7 |
Bacteria Group | Group Identifier for Group with Maximum Observed | Observed Indicator Value (IndVal) | IndVal from Randomised Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±SD | p | |||
Alphaproteobacteria | brackish | 41.0 | 34.3 | 0.72 | 0.0002 |
Betaproteobacteria | freshwater | 37.8 | 34.4 | 0.76 | 0.0004 |
Deltaproteobacteria | transitional | 37.7 | 34.5 | 0.80 | 0.0004 |
Gammaproteobacteria | brackish | 36.9 | 34.3 | 0.72 | 0.0002 |
Actinobacteria | transitional | 35.8 | 34.1 | 0.65 | <0.002 |
Cytophaga-Flavobacteria | freshwater | 35.1 | 34.3 | 0.72 | 0.08 |
Mean | 37.4 | 34.3 | 0.73 | 0.014 |
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Lew, S.; Glińska-Lewczuk, K.; Burandt, P.; Kulesza, K.; Kobus, S.; Obolewski, K. Salinity as a Determinant Structuring Microbial Communities in Coastal Lakes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084592
Lew S, Glińska-Lewczuk K, Burandt P, Kulesza K, Kobus S, Obolewski K. Salinity as a Determinant Structuring Microbial Communities in Coastal Lakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084592
Chicago/Turabian StyleLew, Sylwia, Katarzyna Glińska-Lewczuk, Paweł Burandt, Klaudia Kulesza, Szymon Kobus, and Krystian Obolewski. 2022. "Salinity as a Determinant Structuring Microbial Communities in Coastal Lakes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084592