A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning COVID-19 Outbreaks in the General Population in Malang District, Indonesia
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding COVID-19 Prevention
2.3.2. Sociodemographic and Other Factors
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Other Factors
3.2. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices regarding COVID-19
3.3. Multiple Logistic Regression Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease |
KAP | Knowledge, attitudes, and practices |
WHO | World Health Organization |
MERS-CoV | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
IDR | Indonesian Rupiah |
CI | Confidence Interval |
USD | United States Dollar |
OR | Odds ratio |
References
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No | Knowledge about COVID-19 | Coding and Cut-Off Levels |
---|---|---|
1 | Is COVID-19 a dangerous disease? | Correct answer = 1, wrong answer or don’t know = 0. A cut-off level of ≥4 was chosen to indicate a respondent with a precise understanding of COVID-19 [4]. |
2 | Does it affect only humans? | |
3 | Does it transmit from humans to animals? | |
4 | Does it transmit from animals to humans? | |
5 | Is it transmitted by animal products (e.g., milk, meat)? | |
6 | Is it transmitted in well-cooked products? | |
Attitudes toward COVID-19 | ||
1 | It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities | Disagree = 0, undecided = 1, agree = 2. A cut-off level of ≥11 was set to indicate a respondent with positive attitudes towards the prevention of COVID-19 [4]. |
2 | It is important to use a face mask in crowded places | |
3 | It is important to wash hands and face after being outside | |
4 | COVID-19 is a preventable disease | |
5 | It can be treated at home | |
6 | Health education can play an important role in COVID-19 prevention | |
Practice toward COVID-19 | ||
1 | Do you use tissues or handkerchiefs when you cough/sneeze? | Yes = 1, no = 0, sometimes = 0 for questions 1–6. For question 7, yes = 0, sometimes = 0, no = 1. A cut-off level of ≥6 was set to indicate frequent best practices [4]. |
2 | Do you wash hands frequently using water and soap? | |
3 | Do you avoid touching face and eyes? | |
4 | Do you maintain social distance (or quarantine at home)? | |
5 | Do you eat healthy food focusing on the outbreak? | |
6 | Do you maintain a healthy lifestyle focusing on the outbreak? | |
7 | Do you obey all government rules related to COVID? |
Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 1286 (37.6) |
Female | 2139 (62.4) |
Age | |
Young adult (17–30 years) | 1146 (33.5) |
Middle-aged adult (30–45 years) | 1565 (45.7) |
Older adult (>45 years) | 714 (20.8) |
Education | |
Elementary or less | 1763 (51.5) |
Junior secondary | 699 (20.4) |
High school or more | 963 (28.1) |
Monthly family income (in IDR) | |
<1 million | 2818 (82.3) |
1–3 million | 485 (14.1) |
>3 million | 122 (3.6) |
Marital status | |
Single | 736 (21.5) |
Married | 2508 (73.2) |
Divorced | 41 (1.2) |
Widowed | 140 (4.1) |
Type of employment | |
Student | 948 (27.7) |
Laborer (i.e., construction, factory workers) | 205 (6.0) |
Civil servant | 62 (1.8) |
Privately employed (i.e., bank, supermarket, restaurant, hotel) | 230 (6.7) |
Farmer | 1763 (51.5) |
Trader (merchant, dealer, salesperson) | 217 (6.3) |
Family type | |
Nuclear | 2185 (63.8) |
Joint | 1240 (36.2) |
Used JKN COVID-19 screening app | |
No | 3179 (92.8) |
Yes | 246 (7.2) |
Informed by community health workers about COVID-19 prevention | |
No | 2596 (75.8) |
Yes | 829 (24.2) |
Residential area | |
Rural | 3325 (97.1) |
Urban | 100 (2.9) |
Knowledge about COVID-19 | |
More accurate | 914 (25.3%) |
Less accurate | 2661 (74.7%) |
Attitudes towards COVID-19 | |
More positive attitude | 784 (36.6%) |
Less positive attitude | 2641 (62.4%) |
Practices regarding COVID-19 | |
More frequent best practices | 1670 (48.8%) |
Less frequent best practices | 1755 (51.2%) |
Knowledge about COVID-19 | Yes | No | Don’t Know |
---|---|---|---|
Is COVID-19 a dangerous disease? | 3251 (94.9%) | 84 (2.5%) | 90 (2.6%) |
Does it affect only humans? | 2484 (72.5%) | 586 (17.1%) | 355 (10.4%) |
Does it transmit from humans to animals? | 1133 (33.1%) | 1063 (31.0%) | 1229 (35.9%) |
Does it transmit from animals to humans? | 1608 (46.9%) | 640 (18.7%) | 1177 (34.4%) |
Is it transmitted by animal products (e.g., milk, meat)? | 1039 (30.3%) | 1116 (32.6%) | 1270 (37.1%) |
Is it transmitted in well-cooked products? | 730 (21.3%) | 1696 (49.5%) | 999 (29.2%) |
Attitudes toward COVID-19 | Agree | Undecided | Disagree |
It is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities | 3209 (93.7%) | 159 (4.6%) | 57 (1.7%) |
It is important to use a face mask in crowded places | 3328 (97.2%) | 62 (1.8%) | 35 (1.0%) |
It is important to wash hands and face after being outside | 3305 (96.5%) | 63 (1.8%) | 57 (1.7%) |
COVID-19 is a preventable disease | 3151 (92.0%) | 211 (6.2%) | 63 (1.8%) |
It can be treated at home | 2388 (69.7%) | 532 (15.5%) | 505 (14.7%) |
Health education can play an important role in COVID-19 prevention | 3198 (93.4%) | 140 (4.1%) | 87 (2.5%) |
Practices regarding COVID-19 | Yes | No | Sometimes |
Do you use tissues or handkerchiefs when you cough/sneeze? | 1983 (57.9%) | 231 (6.7%) | 1211 (35.4%) |
Do you wash your hands frequently using water and soap? | 2470 (72.1%) | 66 (1.9%) | 889 (26.0%) |
Do you avoid touching face and eyes? | 1774 (51.8%) | 340 (9.9%) | 1311 (38.3%) |
Do you maintain social distance (or quarantine at home)? | 1961 (57.3%) | 371 (10.8%) | 1093 (31.9%) |
Do you eat healthy food focusing on the outbreak? | 2123 (62.0%) | 207 (6.0%) | 1095 (32.0%) |
Do you maintain a healthy lifestyle focusing on the outbreak? | 2374 (69.3%) | 112 (3.3%) | 939 (27.4%) |
Do you obey all government rules related to COVID-19? | 1984 (57.9%) | 590 (17.2%) | 851 (24.8%) |
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Sujarwoto, S.; Holipah, H.; Maharani, A. A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning COVID-19 Outbreaks in the General Population in Malang District, Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074287
Sujarwoto S, Holipah H, Maharani A. A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning COVID-19 Outbreaks in the General Population in Malang District, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074287
Chicago/Turabian StyleSujarwoto, Sujarwoto, Holipah Holipah, and Asri Maharani. 2022. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning COVID-19 Outbreaks in the General Population in Malang District, Indonesia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074287
APA StyleSujarwoto, S., Holipah, H., & Maharani, A. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning COVID-19 Outbreaks in the General Population in Malang District, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074287