The Environmental Impact Assessment of Sanitation Projects in Chile: Overview and Improvement Opportunities Focused on Follow-Ups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Selection of Projects
2.4. Selection of Indicators
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Sanitation Projects in the Chilean EIA System
3.2. Comparison of Sanitation Projects Entered as EIS and EID
3.3. Improvement Opportunities of the EIA Process concerning to Sanitation Projects
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Region | Approved | Rejected | In Evaluation | Unadmitted | No Rated | Abandoned | Desisted | License Expired | Revoked | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | EIS | EID | |
XV, Arica and Parinacota | 1 | 28 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | ||||||||||
I, Tarapacá | 2 | 54 | 1 | 4 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 13 | ||||||||||
II, Antofagasta | 8 | 123 | 3 | 1 | 38 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 1 | ||||||||
III, Atacama | 6 | 87 | 2 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 10 | ||||||||||
IV, Coquimbo | 4 | 87 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 56 | 1 | 2 | 29 | |||||||||
V, Valparaíso | 14 | 166 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 80 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 50 | ||||||
RM, Metropolitan | 25 | 414 | 15 | 20 | 176 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 173 | 2 | 1 | |||||
VI, O’Higgins | 2 | 267 | 20 | 73 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 71 | 2 | |||||||||
VII, Maule | 7 | 480 | 1 | 28 | 61 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 90 | 2 | ||||||||
XVI, Ñuble | 5 | 100 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 1 | |||||||
VIII, Bio Bio | 14 | 223 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 70 | 1 | 8 | 53 | |||||||||
IX, La Araucanía | 8 | 146 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 29 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 27 | |||||||
XIV, Los Ríos | 7 | 83 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 6 | 3 | 44 | 2 | |||||||
X, Los Lagos | 9 | 536 | 1 | 46 | 53 | 13 | 3 | 86 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
XI, Aysén | 4 | 316 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 43 | 1 | |||||||
XII, Magallanes | 3 | 100 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 4 | 1 | 24 | ||||||||||
Interregional | 1 | 9 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||
Total | 120 | 3219 | 36 | 186 | 4 | 1 | 22 | 815 | 6 | 65 | 4 | 19 | 57 | 766 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
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Letter | Description |
---|---|
o.1 | Sewage systems for ≥10,000 inhabitants. |
o.2 | Sewage systems or stormwater evacuation facilities when they are interconnected for ≥10,000 inhabitants. |
o.3 | Drinking water systems that include uptaking and conveying water works, and intermediate processes to the user place for ≥10,000 inhabitants. |
o.4 | Wastewater treatment plants for ≥2500 inhabitants. |
o.5 | Treatment and/or disposal plants for solid waste from domestic and sanitary origin, transfer stations, and collection and classification centers serving ≥5000 inhabitants. |
o.6 | Submarine emissaries. |
o.7 | Treatment and/or disposal plants for liquid industrial waste, which meet one of the following conditions at least: (o.7.1) Include stabilization ponds. (o.7.2) Effluents are reused for irrigation, infiltration, sprinkling, and vial wash-down. (o.7.3) Provide treatment waste services to third parties. (o.7.4) Treatment of effluents with average daily pollutant load ≥ the equivalent sewage for 100 inhabitants, in one or more of the discharge quality standards. |
o.8 | Treatment and/or disposal systems for solid industrial waste with treatment capacity ≥30 tons per day or ≥50 tons of disposal. |
o.9 | Treatment and/or disposal and/or elimination systems for hazardous waste with treatment capacity of 1000 kg per day and 25 kg per day for those catalogued as “acute toxic” waste according to the Supreme Decree SD148 of 2003 of the Ministry of Health [23]. |
o.10 | Treatment and/or disposal and/or elimination systems for special hazardous waste from human health requirements, with treatment capacity ≥250 kg per day. |
o.11 | Repair or recovery of contaminated areas covering ≥1 hectare. |
Macrozone | Region | Way for Projects’ Entry | |
---|---|---|---|
EIS | EID | ||
North Zone | XV, Arica and Parinacota | 1 | 2 |
I, Tarapacá | 1 | 2 | |
II, Antofagasta | 1 | 2 | |
III, Atacama | 2 | 1 | |
IV, Coquimbo | 3 | ||
Central Zone | V, Valparaíso | 1 | 3 |
RM, Metropolitan | 2 | 7 | |
VI, O’Higgins | 4 | ||
VII, Maule | 1 | 9 | |
South Zone | XVI, Ñuble | 1 | 2 |
VIII, Bio Bio | 1 | 4 | |
IX, La Araucanía | 1 | 3 | |
XIV, Los Ríos | 1 | 1 | |
X, Los Lagos | 1 | 10 | |
Austral Zone | XI, Aysén | 1 | 6 |
XII, Magallanes | 2 | ||
15 | 61 |
Indicator | Description | Options | Score | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Processing time (working days) | ≥361 | 1 | [36] |
271–360 | 2 | |||
181–270 | 3 | |||
91–180 | 4 | |||
1–90 | 5 | |||
B | Description of the influence area | No information | 1 | [36] |
Information not justified | 2 | |||
General information only | 3 | |||
Moderately justified information | 4 | |||
Detailed and justified information | 5 | |||
C | Methodology to identify and evaluate environmental impacts | Yes | 2 | [29,36] |
No | 1 | |||
D | Use of reference international regulations | Yes | 2 | [29,36] |
No | 1 | |||
E | Existence of mitigation measures | Yes | 2 | [26,36] |
No | 1 | |||
F | Existence of compensation measures | Yes | 2 | [26,36] |
No | 1 | |||
G | Existence of repair measures | Yes | 2 | [26,36] |
No | 1 | |||
H | Identification of contingency and emergency measures | Yes | 2 | [26,36] |
No | 1 | |||
I | Consultation and participation | Yes | 2 | [24,26,27,36] |
No | 1 | |||
J | Appeal after project approval or rejection | Yes | 2 | [26,36] |
No | 1 | |||
K | Public information after the environmental license is obtained | Yes | 2 | [32] |
No | 1 | |||
L | Post-auditing | No information about supervision or Unsupervised project | 1 | [28,29] |
Project without non-compliance | 2 | |||
Breach of the environmental license or Sector Permits | 3 | |||
M | Punishment for non-compliance | No information | 1 | [28,29] |
Project without infraction | 2 | |||
No classified or minor infraction | 3 | |||
Serious infraction | 4 | |||
Very serious infraction | 5 | |||
N | Investment (MUSD) | 0–0.5 | 1 | – |
>0.5–1 | 2 | |||
>1–10 | 3 | |||
>10–100 | 4 | |||
>100 | 5 |
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Rodríguez-Luna, D.; Alcalá, F.J.; Encina-Montoya, F.; Vela, N. The Environmental Impact Assessment of Sanitation Projects in Chile: Overview and Improvement Opportunities Focused on Follow-Ups. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073964
Rodríguez-Luna D, Alcalá FJ, Encina-Montoya F, Vela N. The Environmental Impact Assessment of Sanitation Projects in Chile: Overview and Improvement Opportunities Focused on Follow-Ups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073964
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Luna, Dante, Francisco Javier Alcalá, Francisco Encina-Montoya, and Nuria Vela. 2022. "The Environmental Impact Assessment of Sanitation Projects in Chile: Overview and Improvement Opportunities Focused on Follow-Ups" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073964