Impact of Activity Tracker Usage in Combination with a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Parameters in Healthy Adults Aged 60+: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Randomization
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Grip Strength (Dynamometer)
2.2.2. Endurance (Two-Minute Step Test, TMST)
2.2.3. Gait Speed (Four-Meter Walk Test)
2.2.4. Physical Self-Concept (Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, PSDQ)
2.2.5. Cognition (Simon Task)
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grip Strength
3.2. Endurance/Cardiovascular Fitness
3.3. Gait
3.4. Physical Self-Concept
3.5. Cognition
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of PA Intervention Primarily Conducted at Home (With or without Additional Use of an Activity Tracker) on Physical Parameters
4.2. Impact of PA Intervention Primarily Conducted at Home (With or without Additional Use of an Activity Tracker) on Cognitive Parameters
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CG | IG | AG | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 136 | 294 | 121 |
Gender | |||
female (n, %) | 71, 52.2% | 183, 62.2% | 66, 54.5% |
male (n, %) | 61, 44.9% | 109, 37.1% | 55, 45.5% |
Missing (n, %) | 4, 2.9% | 2, 0.7% | 0, 0.0% |
age (years) (M ± SD) | 70.22 ± 3.02 | 68.71 ± 4.47 | 70.08 ± 4.02 |
height (cm) (M ± SD) | 169.31 ± 8.72 | 169.88 ± 8.59 | 170.40 ± 8.48 |
weight (kg) (M ± SD) | 80.23 ± 14.50 | 78.99 ± 14.04 | 78.60 ± 15.28 |
BMI (kg/(height in m)2) (M ± SD) | 27.96 ± 4.57 | 27.36 ± 4.37 | 26.99 ± 4.40 |
Inner Subject Contrasts | Between Subject Contrasts | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Parameter | CG | IG | AG | Time | Time * Group | Group | |||||||||||||||
n | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | M | SD | F-value | p-value | ηp2 | F-value | p-value | ηp2 | F-value | p-value | ηp2 | |||||
Grip strength [dynamometer] | T0 [kg] | 134 | 34.18 | 9.61 | 198 | 33.76 | 9.82 | 103 | 34.03 | 9.49 | * | (1, 432) = 8.88 | 0.003 * | 0.020 | (2, 432) = 1.06 | 0.349 | 0.005 | (2, 432) = 0.12 | 0.888 | 0.001 | ||
T1 [kg] | 134 | 34.42 | 9.68 | 198 | 33.99 | 9.68 | 103 | 34.69 | 10.10 | |||||||||||||
Endurance [two minute step test] | steps T0 [#] | 135 | 212.61 | 40.52 | ** | 197 | 208.80 | 49.41 | ** | 99 | 219.11 | 49.17 | ** | (1, 428) = 117.90 | <0.001 ** | 0.216 | (2, 428) = 4.32 | 0.015 * | 0.02 | (2, 428) = 1.68 | 0.188 | 0.008 |
steps T1 [#] | 135 | 226.75 | 44.97 | 197 | 235.21 | 46.62 | 99 | 240.35 | 50.64 | |||||||||||||
heart rate T0 [bpm] | 121 | 120.57 | 20.46 | 186 | 126.24 | 27.58 | 96 | 128.01 | 28.77 | (1, 400) = 2.74 | 0.099 | 0.007 | (2, 400) = 0.58 | 0.563 | 0.003 | (2, 400) = 2.74 | 0.066 | 0.013 | ||||
heart rate T1 [bpm] | 121 | 120.31 | 18.88 | 186 | 124.19 | 21.81 | 96 | 124.36 | 20.32 | |||||||||||||
heart rate post T0 [bpm] | 119 | 105.03 | 18.30 | 186 | 107.16 | 20.59 | 96 | 109.95 | 22.14 | (1, 398) = 0.09 | 0.759 | 0.000 | (2, 398) = 0.93 | 0.396 | 0.005 | (2, 398) = 0.85 | 0.427 | 0.004 | ||||
heart rate post T1 [bpm] | 119 | 106.65 | 20.56 | 186 | 107.96 | 21.74 | 96 | 108.38 | 19.54 | |||||||||||||
Gait [four meter walk test] | T0 [seconds] | 136 | 3.50 | 0.73 | ** | 201 | 3.41 | 0.66 | * | 103 | 3.40 | 0.62 | ** | (1, 437) = 37.73 | <0.001 ** | 0.079 | (2, 437) = 3.13 | 0.045 * | 0.014 | (2, 437) = 2.10 | 0.124 | 0.010 |
T1 [seconds] | 136 | 3.27 | 0.63 | 201 | 3.31 | 0.57 | 103 | 3.11 | 0.48 | |||||||||||||
Physical self-concept [PSDQ] | Score T0 [mean] | 126 | 3.88 | 0.87 | 282 | 3.73 | 0.83 | ** | 115 | 3.97 | 0.88 | ** | (1, 520) = 92.90 | <0.001 ** | 0.152 | (2, 520) = 1.,03 | <0.001 ** | 0.048 | (2, 520) = 4.35 | 0.013 * | 0.016 | |
Score T1 [mean] | 126 | 3.93 | 0.84 | 282 | 4.01 | 0.78 | 115 | 4.27 | 0.73 | |||||||||||||
Endurance T0 [score] | 130 | 3.18 | 1.11 | 285 | 3.03 | 1.10 | ** | 116 | 3.34 | 1.24 | ** | (1, 528) = 39.87 | <0.001 ** | 0.070 | (2, 528) = 6.01 | 0.003 * | 0.022 | (2, 528) = 3.55 | 0.029 * | 0.013 | ||
Endurance T1 [score] | 130 | 3.23 | 1.09 | 285 | 3.30 | 1.10 | 116 | 3.60 | 1.14 | |||||||||||||
Coordination T0 [score] | 129 | 4.35 | 0.82 | 285 | 4.31 | 0.82 | ** | 116 | 4.47 | 0.72 | ** | (1, 527) = 46.47 | <0.001 ** | 0.081 | ( 2, 527) = 4.27 | 0.014 * | 0.016 | (2, 527) = 1.81 | 0.061 | 0.011 | ||
Coordination T1 [score] | 129 | 4.41 | 0.75 | 285 | 4.53 | 0.76 | 116 | 4.69 | 0.61 | |||||||||||||
Strength T0 [score] | 126 | 4.12 | 1.00 | 282 | 3.86 | 0.97 | ** | 115 | 4.11 | 1.03 | ** | (1, 520) = 93.23 | <0.001 ** | 0.152 | (2, 520) = 16.98 | <0.001 ** | 0.061 | (2, 520) = 3.85 | 0.022 * | 0.015 | ||
Strength T1 [score] | 126 | 4.15 | 1.02 | 282 | 4.22 | 0.89 | 115 | 4.52 | 0.84 | |||||||||||||
Cognition [Simon Task] | BIS1 T0 | 30 | −0.21 | 1.27 | * | 88 | 0.46 | 1.12 | 24 | 0.22 | 1.00 | (1, 139) = 5.79 | 0.017 * | 0.040 | (2, 139) = 3.02 | 0.052 | 0.042 | (2, 139) = 2.70 | 0.07 | 0.037 | ||
BIS1 T1 | 30 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 88 | 0.44 | 1.10 | 24 | 0.43 | 0.75 | |||||||||||||
Reaction time T0 [ms] | 30 | 504.55 | 71.20 | 88 | 488.38 | 59.97 | * | 24 | 497.61 | 65.72 | * | (1, 139) = 19.31 | <0.001 ** | 0.122 | (2, 139) = 2.12 | 0.124 | 0.030 | (2, 139) = 0.48 | 0.619 | 0.007 | ||
Reaction time T1 [ms] | 30 | 485.51 | 44.37 | 88 | 479.99 | 56.69 | 24 | 470.81 | 36.35 | |||||||||||||
Accuracy T0 [%] | 30 | 93.67 | 0.04 | 88 | 95.36 | 0.04 | 24 | 94.75 | 0.05 | (1, 139) = 5.22 | 0.024 * | 0.036 | (2, 139) = 1.14 | 0.322 | 0.016 | (2, 139) = 1.53 | 0.221 | 0.022 | ||||
Accuracy T1 [%] | 30 | 94.80 | 0.03 | 88 | 95.69 | 0.04 | 24 | 95.04 | 0.04 |
Group | Parameter (pre * post) | t | Df | p-Value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | PSDQ Endurance | 0.688 | 129 | 0.493 | −0.060 |
PSDQ Coordination | −1.346 | 128 | 0.181 | −0.199 | |
PSDQ Strength | −0.621 | 125 | 0.536 | −0.055 | |
PSDQ Overall Score | −1.154 | 125 | 0.251 | −0.103 | |
IG | PSDQ Endurance | −7.184 | 284 | <0.001 * | −0.426 |
PSDQ Coordination | −6.862 | 284 | <0.001 * | −0.406 | |
PSDQ Strength | −10.288 | 281 | <0.001 * | −0.613 | |
PSDQ Overall Score | −10.245 | 281 | <0.001 * | −0.610 | |
AG | PSDQ Endurance | −4.639 | 115 | <0.001 * | −0.431 |
PSDQ Coordination | −4.961 | 115 | <0.001 * | −0.461 | |
PSDQ Strength | −7.355 | 114 | <0.001 * | −0.686 | |
PSDQ Overall Score | −7.422 | 114 | <0.001 * | −0.692 |
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Auerswald, T.; Hendker, A.; Ratz, T.; Lippke, S.; Pischke, C.R.; Peters, M.; Meyer, J.; Holdt, K.v.; Voelcker-Rehage, C. Impact of Activity Tracker Usage in Combination with a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Parameters in Healthy Adults Aged 60+: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073785
Auerswald T, Hendker A, Ratz T, Lippke S, Pischke CR, Peters M, Meyer J, Holdt Kv, Voelcker-Rehage C. Impact of Activity Tracker Usage in Combination with a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Parameters in Healthy Adults Aged 60+: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073785
Chicago/Turabian StyleAuerswald, Tina, Anna Hendker, Tiara Ratz, Sonia Lippke, Claudia R. Pischke, Manuela Peters, Jochen Meyer, Kai von Holdt, and Claudia Voelcker-Rehage. 2022. "Impact of Activity Tracker Usage in Combination with a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Parameters in Healthy Adults Aged 60+: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073785